This aligns the Torque semantics of catch with the JavaScript behavior:
When we catch an exception, we also reset the pending exception.
This also fixes a long-standing bug that we didn't restore the original
pending message after executing arbitrary JS in IteratorCloseOnException

Bug: v8:12439
Change-Id: I268d9d639d09023a424f352547cdce03428f983a
Reviewed-on: https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/v8/v8/+/3303805
Commit-Queue: Tobias Tebbi <tebbi@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Marja Hölttä <marja@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Leszek Swirski <leszeks@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Jakob Gruber <jgruber@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Michael Stanton <mvstanton@chromium.org>
Cr-Commit-Position: refs/heads/main@{#78259}