Several spots in arm codegen require 24-bit integers; since getting
this wrong is usually a security problem, let's change these DCHECKs
into CHECKs.

Bug: chromium:1197363
Change-Id: I277dc8fe4771adae89375adbe19a33d2c9f6783c
Reviewed-on: https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/v8/v8/+/2820972
Commit-Queue: Jakob Gruber <jgruber@chromium.org>
Commit-Queue: Igor Sheludko <ishell@chromium.org>
Auto-Submit: Jakob Gruber <jgruber@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Igor Sheludko <ishell@chromium.org>
Cr-Commit-Position: refs/heads/master@{#73902}