This is a reland of 164cf80b

The reland fixes UB (left-shift of negative integer type) with a
static_cast<uint32_t>.

Original change's description:
> [regexp] Hard-crash on invalid offsets in AdvanceCurrentPosition
>
> Drive-by: Range checks in `Emit(byte, twenty_four_bits)` to ensure the
> given packed bits actually fit into 24 bits.
>
> Bug: chromium:1166138
> Change-Id: I2e711e6466bb48d7b9897f68dfe621d12bd92508
> Reviewed-on: https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/v8/v8/+/2625877
> Commit-Queue: Jakob Gruber <jgruber@chromium.org>
> Commit-Queue: Leszek Swirski <leszeks@chromium.org>
> Auto-Submit: Jakob Gruber <jgruber@chromium.org>
> Reviewed-by: Leszek Swirski <leszeks@chromium.org>
> Cr-Commit-Position: refs/heads/master@{#72064}

Tbr: leszeks@chromium.org
Bug: chromium:1166138
Change-Id: I514495e14bb99dfc9588fdb4a9f35d67d8d64acb
Reviewed-on: https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/v8/v8/+/2626663Reviewed-by: Jakob Gruber <jgruber@chromium.org>
Commit-Queue: Jakob Gruber <jgruber@chromium.org>
Cr-Commit-Position: refs/heads/master@{#72088}