[torque] add references to HeapObject fields.

This adds references to HeapObject fields to Torque.
The syntax is based on Rust (which is essentially C pointer syntax).

The type &T is a reference to T (which must be a scalar type for now).
We can create references from field access expressions, using the
addressof(&) operator:
  &obj.fieldname
To read or assign a reference, we use the dereference(*) operator:
  *someref = *otherref

This CL also uses references internally normal class field accesses,
but only if there is no overload for field accessor functions.
This allows to have overloaded field accessors for a subtype like
FastJSArray. However, there is a change in behavior in that an
operator ".fieldname" will stop reference creation and will therefore
also stop write access to a class field of the same name. That's why
this CL had to add a write overload ".length=" for FastJSArray.

References desugar to a pair of a tagged HeapObject pointer and an
untagged offset into this HeapObject. On the CSA-side, they are
represented by the C++ struct

struct TorqueReference {
  TNode<HeapObject> object;
  TNode<IntPtrT> offset;
};

Bug: v8:7793
Change-Id: Ica6468d47847bd68fb6b85f731cf8fbe142fa401
Reviewed-on: https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/v8/v8/+/1557151
Commit-Queue: Tobias Tebbi <tebbi@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Sigurd Schneider <sigurds@chromium.org>
Cr-Commit-Position: refs/heads/master@{#60780}

src/builtins/base.tq

@@ -39,12 +39,12 @@ type int31 extends int32
 type uint31 extends uint32
     generates 'TNode<Uint32T>' constexpr 'uint31_t';
 type int16 extends int31
-    generates 'TNode<Int32T>' constexpr 'int16_t';
+    generates 'TNode<Int16T>' constexpr 'int16_t';
 type uint16 extends uint31
-    generates 'TNode<Uint32T>' constexpr 'uint16_t';
-type int8 extends int16 generates 'TNode<Int32T>' constexpr 'int8_t';
+    generates 'TNode<Uint16T>' constexpr 'uint16_t';
+type int8 extends int16 generates 'TNode<Int8T>' constexpr 'int8_t';
 type uint8 extends uint16
-    generates 'TNode<Uint32T>' constexpr 'uint8_t';
+    generates 'TNode<Uint8T>' constexpr 'uint8_t';
 type int64 generates 'TNode<Int64T>' constexpr 'int64_t';
 type intptr generates 'TNode<IntPtrT>' constexpr 'intptr_t';
 type uintptr generates 'TNode<UintPtrT>' constexpr 'uintptr_t';
@@ -1760,6 +1760,11 @@ extern operator '.elements_kind' macro LoadElementsKind(JSTypedArray):
     ElementsKind;
 
 extern operator '.length' macro LoadFastJSArrayLength(FastJSArray): Smi;
+operator '.length=' macro StoreFastJSArrayLength(
+    array: FastJSArray, length: Smi) {
+  const array: JSArray = array;
+  array.length = length;
+}
 
 extern operator '.objects[]' macro LoadFixedArrayElement(
     FixedArray, intptr): Object;

src/code-stub-assembler.h

@@ -851,6 +851,54 @@ class V8_EXPORT_PRIVATE CodeStubAssembler
         LoadObjectField(object, offset, MachineType::AnyTagged()));
   }
 
+  // Reference is the CSA-equivalent of a Torque reference value,
+  // representing an inner pointer into a HeapObject.
+  struct Reference {
+    TNode<HeapObject> object;
+    TNode<IntPtrT> offset;
+
+    std::tuple<TNode<HeapObject>, TNode<IntPtrT>> Flatten() const {
+      return std::make_tuple(object, offset);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template <class T, typename std::enable_if<
+                         std::is_convertible<TNode<T>, TNode<Object>>::value,
+                         int>::type = 0>
+  TNode<T> LoadReference(Reference reference) {
+    return CAST(LoadObjectField(reference.object, reference.offset,
+                                MachineTypeOf<T>::value));
+  }
+  template <class T, typename std::enable_if<
+                         std::is_convertible<TNode<T>, TNode<UntaggedT>>::value,
+                         int>::type = 0>
+  TNode<T> LoadReference(Reference reference) {
+    return UncheckedCast<T>(LoadObjectField(reference.object, reference.offset,
+                                            MachineTypeOf<T>::value));
+  }
+  template <class T, typename std::enable_if<
+                         std::is_convertible<TNode<T>, TNode<Object>>::value,
+                         int>::type = 0>
+  void StoreReference(Reference reference, TNode<T> value) {
+    int const_offset;
+    if (std::is_same<T, Smi>::value) {
+      StoreObjectFieldNoWriteBarrier(reference.object, reference.offset, value);
+    } else if (std::is_same<T, Map>::value &&
+               ToInt32Constant(reference.offset, const_offset) &&
+               const_offset == HeapObject::kMapOffset) {
+      StoreMap(reference.object, value);
+    } else {
+      StoreObjectField(reference.object, reference.offset, value);
+    }
+  }
+  template <class T, typename std::enable_if<
+                         std::is_convertible<TNode<T>, TNode<UntaggedT>>::value,
+                         int>::type = 0>
+  void StoreReference(Reference reference, TNode<T> value) {
+    StoreObjectFieldNoWriteBarrier<T>(reference.object, reference.offset,
+                                      value);
+  }
+
   // Tag a smi and store it.
   void StoreAndTagSmi(Node* base, int offset, Node* value);
 
@@ -2882,7 +2930,6 @@ class V8_EXPORT_PRIVATE CodeStubAssembler
   // Update the type feedback vector.
   void UpdateFeedback(Node* feedback, Node* feedback_vector, Node* slot_id);
 
-
   // Report that there was a feedback update, performing any tasks that should
   // be done after a feedback update.
   void ReportFeedbackUpdate(SloppyTNode<FeedbackVector> feedback_vector,

src/compiler/code-assembler.h

@@ -107,6 +107,18 @@ struct Int32T : Word32T {
 struct Uint32T : Word32T {
   static constexpr MachineType kMachineType = MachineType::Uint32();
 };
+struct Int16T : Int32T {
+  static constexpr MachineType kMachineType = MachineType::Int16();
+};
+struct Uint16T : Uint32T {
+  static constexpr MachineType kMachineType = MachineType::Uint16();
+};
+struct Int8T : Int16T {
+  static constexpr MachineType kMachineType = MachineType::Int8();
+};
+struct Uint8T : Uint16T {
+  static constexpr MachineType kMachineType = MachineType::Uint8();
+};
 
 struct Word64T : IntegralT {
   static const MachineRepresentation kMachineRepresentation =

src/torque/ast.h

@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@ namespace torque {
 #define AST_EXPRESSION_NODE_KIND_LIST(V) \
   V(CallExpression)                      \
   V(CallMethodExpression)                \
-  V(LoadObjectFieldExpression)           \
-  V(StoreObjectFieldExpression)          \
   V(IntrinsicCallExpression)             \
   V(StructExpression)                    \
   V(LogicalOrExpression)                 \
@@ -33,6 +31,7 @@ namespace torque {
   V(NumberLiteralExpression)             \
   V(FieldAccessExpression)               \
   V(ElementAccessExpression)             \
+  V(DereferenceExpression)               \
   V(AssignmentExpression)                \
   V(IncrementDecrementExpression)        \
   V(NewExpression)                       \
@@ -43,7 +42,8 @@ namespace torque {
 #define AST_TYPE_EXPRESSION_NODE_KIND_LIST(V) \
   V(BasicTypeExpression)                      \
   V(FunctionTypeExpression)                   \
-  V(UnionTypeExpression)
+  V(UnionTypeExpression)                      \
+  V(ReferenceTypeExpression)
 
 #define AST_STATEMENT_NODE_KIND_LIST(V) \
   V(BlockStatement)                     \
@@ -222,31 +222,6 @@ struct IdentifierExpression : LocationExpression {
   std::vector<TypeExpression*> generic_arguments;
 };
 
-struct LoadObjectFieldExpression : Expression {
-  DEFINE_AST_NODE_LEAF_BOILERPLATE(LoadObjectFieldExpression)
-  LoadObjectFieldExpression(SourcePosition pos, Expression* base,
-                            std::string field_name)
-      : Expression(kKind, pos),
-        base(std::move(base)),
-        field_name(std::move(field_name)) {}
-  Expression* base;
-  std::string field_name;
-};
-
-struct StoreObjectFieldExpression : Expression {
-  DEFINE_AST_NODE_LEAF_BOILERPLATE(StoreObjectFieldExpression)
-  StoreObjectFieldExpression(SourcePosition pos, Expression* base,
-                             std::string field_name, Expression* value)
-      : Expression(kKind, pos),
-        base(std::move(base)),
-        field_name(std::move(field_name)),
-        value(std::move(value)) {}
-  Expression* base;
-  std::string field_name;
-  Expression* value;
-  size_t offset;
-};
-
 struct IntrinsicCallExpression : Expression {
   DEFINE_AST_NODE_LEAF_BOILERPLATE(IntrinsicCallExpression)
   IntrinsicCallExpression(SourcePosition pos, std::string name,
@@ -376,15 +351,25 @@ struct FieldAccessExpression : LocationExpression {
   Identifier* field;
 };
 
+struct DereferenceExpression : LocationExpression {
+  DEFINE_AST_NODE_LEAF_BOILERPLATE(DereferenceExpression)
+  DereferenceExpression(SourcePosition pos, Expression* reference)
+      : LocationExpression(kKind, pos), reference(reference) {}
+  Expression* reference;
+};
+
 struct AssignmentExpression : Expression {
   DEFINE_AST_NODE_LEAF_BOILERPLATE(AssignmentExpression)
-  AssignmentExpression(SourcePosition pos, LocationExpression* location,
+  AssignmentExpression(SourcePosition pos, Expression* location,
+                       Expression* value)
+      : AssignmentExpression(pos, location, base::nullopt, value) {}
+  AssignmentExpression(SourcePosition pos, Expression* location,
                        base::Optional<std::string> op, Expression* value)
       : Expression(kKind, pos),
         location(location),
         op(std::move(op)),
         value(value) {}
-  LocationExpression* location;
+  Expression* location;
   base::Optional<std::string> op;
   Expression* value;
 };
@@ -393,10 +378,10 @@ enum class IncrementDecrementOperator { kIncrement, kDecrement };
 
 struct IncrementDecrementExpression : Expression {
   DEFINE_AST_NODE_LEAF_BOILERPLATE(IncrementDecrementExpression)
-  IncrementDecrementExpression(SourcePosition pos, LocationExpression* location,
+  IncrementDecrementExpression(SourcePosition pos, Expression* location,
                                IncrementDecrementOperator op, bool postfix)
       : Expression(kKind, pos), location(location), op(op), postfix(postfix) {}
-  LocationExpression* location;
+  Expression* location;
   IncrementDecrementOperator op;
   bool postfix;
 };
@@ -480,6 +465,13 @@ struct UnionTypeExpression : TypeExpression {
   TypeExpression* b;
 };
 
+struct ReferenceTypeExpression : TypeExpression {
+  DEFINE_AST_NODE_LEAF_BOILERPLATE(ReferenceTypeExpression)
+  ReferenceTypeExpression(SourcePosition pos, TypeExpression* referenced_type)
+      : TypeExpression(kKind, pos), referenced_type(referenced_type) {}
+  TypeExpression* referenced_type;
+};
+
 struct ExpressionStatement : Statement {
   DEFINE_AST_NODE_LEAF_BOILERPLATE(ExpressionStatement)
   ExpressionStatement(SourcePosition pos, Expression* expression)

src/torque/csa-generator.cc

@@ -307,7 +307,9 @@ void CSAGenerator::EmitInstruction(const CallCsaMacroInstruction& instruction,
   std::string catch_name =
       PreCallableExceptionPreparation(instruction.catch_block);
   out_ << "    ";
-  if (return_type->IsStructType()) {
+  bool needs_flattening =
+      return_type->IsStructType() || return_type->IsReferenceType();
+  if (needs_flattening) {
     out_ << "std::tie(";
     PrintCommaSeparatedList(out_, results);
     out_ << ") = ";
@@ -315,12 +317,14 @@ void CSAGenerator::EmitInstruction(const CallCsaMacroInstruction& instruction,
     if (results.size() == 1) {
       out_ << results[0] << " = ca_.UncheckedCast<"
            << return_type->GetGeneratedTNodeTypeName() << ">(";
+    } else {
+      DCHECK_EQ(0, results.size());
     }
   }
   out_ << instruction.macro->external_assembler_name() << "(state_)."
        << instruction.macro->ExternalName() << "(";
   PrintCommaSeparatedList(out_, args);
-  if (return_type->IsStructType()) {
+  if (needs_flattening) {
     out_ << ").Flatten();\n";
   } else {
     if (results.size() == 1) out_ << ")";
@@ -695,69 +699,49 @@ void CSAGenerator::EmitInstruction(const UnsafeCastInstruction& instruction,
 }
 
 void CSAGenerator::EmitInstruction(
-    const LoadObjectFieldInstruction& instruction, Stack<std::string>* stack) {
+    const CreateFieldReferenceInstruction& instruction,
+    Stack<std::string>* stack) {
   const Field& field =
       instruction.class_type->LookupField(instruction.field_name);
-  std::string result_name = FreshNodeName();
-
-  size_t field_size;
-  std::string size_string;
-  std::string machine_type;
-  std::tie(field_size, size_string, machine_type) =
-      field.GetFieldSizeInformation();
+  std::string offset_name = FreshNodeName();
+  stack->Push(offset_name);
 
+  out_ << "    compiler::TNode<IntPtrT> " << offset_name
+       << " = ca_.IntPtrConstant(";
   if (instruction.class_type->IsExtern()) {
-    out_ << field.name_and_type.type->GetGeneratedTypeName() << " "
-         << result_name << " = ca_.UncheckedCast<"
-         << field.name_and_type.type->GetGeneratedTNodeTypeName()
-         << ">(CodeStubAssembler(state_).LoadObjectField(" << stack->Top()
-         << ", " << field.aggregate->GetGeneratedTNodeTypeName() << "::k"
-         << CamelifyString(field.name_and_type.name) << "Offset, "
-         << machine_type + "));\n";
+    out_ << field.aggregate->GetGeneratedTNodeTypeName() << "::k"
+         << CamelifyString(field.name_and_type.name) << "Offset";
   } else {
-    out_ << field.name_and_type.type->GetGeneratedTypeName() << " "
-         << result_name << " = ca_.UncheckedCast<"
-         << field.name_and_type.type->GetGeneratedTNodeTypeName()
-         << ">(CodeStubAssembler(state_).UnsafeLoadFixedArrayElement("
-         << stack->Top() << ", " << (field.offset / kTaggedSize) << "));\n";
+    out_ << "FixedArray::kHeaderSize + " << field.offset;
   }
-  stack->Poke(stack->AboveTop() - 1, result_name);
+  out_ << ");\n"
+       << "    USE(" << stack->Top() << ");\n";
 }
 
-void CSAGenerator::EmitInstruction(
-    const StoreObjectFieldInstruction& instruction, Stack<std::string>* stack) {
-  auto value = stack->Pop();
-  auto object = stack->Pop();
-  stack->Push(value);
-  const Field& field =
-      instruction.class_type->LookupField(instruction.field_name);
-  if (instruction.class_type->IsExtern()) {
-    if (field.name_and_type.type->IsSubtypeOf(TypeOracle::GetTaggedType())) {
-      if (field.offset == 0) {
-        out_ << "    CodeStubAssembler(state_).StoreMap(" << object << ", "
-             << value << ");\n";
-      } else {
-        out_ << "    CodeStubAssembler(state_).StoreObjectField(" << object
-             << ", " << field.offset << ", " << value << ");\n";
-      }
-    } else {
-      size_t field_size;
-      std::string size_string;
-      std::string machine_type;
-      std::tie(field_size, size_string, machine_type) =
-          field.GetFieldSizeInformation();
-      if (field.offset == 0) {
-        ReportError("the first field in a class object must be a map");
-      }
-      out_ << "    CodeStubAssembler(state_).StoreObjectFieldNoWriteBarrier("
-           << object << ", " << field.offset << ", " << value << ", "
-           << machine_type << ".representation());\n";
-    }
-  } else {
-    out_ << "    CodeStubAssembler(state_).UnsafeStoreFixedArrayElement("
-         << object << ", " << (field.offset / kTaggedSize) << ", " << value
-         << ");\n";
-  }
+void CSAGenerator::EmitInstruction(const LoadReferenceInstruction& instruction,
+                                   Stack<std::string>* stack) {
+  std::string result_name = FreshNodeName();
+
+  std::string offset = stack->Pop();
+  std::string object = stack->Pop();
+  stack->Push(result_name);
+
+  out_ << "    " << instruction.type->GetGeneratedTypeName() << result_name
+       << " = CodeStubAssembler(state_).LoadReference<"
+       << instruction.type->GetGeneratedTNodeTypeName()
+       << ">(CodeStubAssembler::Reference{" << object << ", " << offset
+       << "});\n";
+}
+
+void CSAGenerator::EmitInstruction(const StoreReferenceInstruction& instruction,
+                                   Stack<std::string>* stack) {
+  std::string value = stack->Pop();
+  std::string offset = stack->Pop();
+  std::string object = stack->Pop();
+
+  out_ << "    CodeStubAssembler(state_).StoreReference(CodeStubAssembler::"
+          "Reference{"
+       << object << ", " << offset << "}, " << value << ");\n";
 }
 
 // static
@@ -778,6 +762,11 @@ void CSAGenerator::EmitCSAValue(VisitResult result,
                    out);
     }
     out << "}";
+  } else if (result.type()->IsReferenceType()) {
+    DCHECK_EQ(2, result.stack_range().Size());
+    size_t offset = result.stack_range().begin().offset;
+    out << "CodeStubAssembler::Reference{" << values.Peek(BottomOffset{offset})
+        << ", " << values.Peek(BottomOffset{offset + 1}) << "}";
   } else {
     DCHECK_EQ(1, result.stack_range().Size());
     out << "compiler::TNode<" << result.type()->GetGeneratedTNodeTypeName()

src/torque/declarable.cc

@@ -64,23 +64,37 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Generic& g) {
   return os;
 }
 
-base::Optional<const Type*> Generic::InferTypeArgument(
-    size_t i, const TypeVector& arguments) {
-  const std::string type_name = declaration()->generic_parameters[i]->value;
-  const std::vector<TypeExpression*>& parameters =
-      declaration()->callable->signature->parameters.types;
-  size_t j = declaration()->callable->signature->parameters.implicit_count;
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < arguments.size() && j < parameters.size(); ++i, ++j) {
-    BasicTypeExpression* basic =
-        BasicTypeExpression::DynamicCast(parameters[j]);
-    if (basic && basic->namespace_qualification.empty() &&
-        !basic->is_constexpr && basic->name == type_name) {
-      return arguments[i];
+namespace {
+base::Optional<const Type*> InferTypeArgument(const std::string& to_infer,
+                                              TypeExpression* parameter,
+                                              const Type* argument) {
+  BasicTypeExpression* basic = BasicTypeExpression::DynamicCast(parameter);
+  if (basic && basic->namespace_qualification.empty() && !basic->is_constexpr &&
+      basic->name == to_infer) {
+    return argument;
   }
+  auto* ref = ReferenceTypeExpression::DynamicCast(parameter);
+  if (ref && argument->IsReferenceType()) {
+    return InferTypeArgument(to_infer, ref->referenced_type,
+                             ReferenceType::cast(argument)->referenced_type());
   }
   return base::nullopt;
 }
 
+base::Optional<const Type*> InferTypeArgument(
+    const std::string& to_infer, const std::vector<TypeExpression*>& parameters,
+    const TypeVector& arguments) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < arguments.size() && i < parameters.size(); ++i) {
+    if (base::Optional<const Type*> inferred =
+            InferTypeArgument(to_infer, parameters[i], arguments[i])) {
+      return *inferred;
+    }
+  }
+  return base::nullopt;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
 base::Optional<TypeVector> Generic::InferSpecializationTypes(
     const TypeVector& explicit_specialization_types,
     const TypeVector& arguments) {
@@ -91,7 +105,15 @@ base::Optional<TypeVector> Generic::InferSpecializationTypes(
   }
   for (size_t i = explicit_specialization_types.size();
        i < type_parameter_count; ++i) {
-    base::Optional<const Type*> inferred = InferTypeArgument(i, arguments);
+    const std::string type_name = declaration()->generic_parameters[i]->value;
+    size_t implicit_count =
+        declaration()->callable->signature->parameters.implicit_count;
+    const std::vector<TypeExpression*>& parameters =
+        declaration()->callable->signature->parameters.types;
+    std::vector<TypeExpression*> explicit_parameters(
+        parameters.begin() + implicit_count, parameters.end());
+    base::Optional<const Type*> inferred =
+        InferTypeArgument(type_name, explicit_parameters, arguments);
     if (!inferred) return base::nullopt;
     result.push_back(*inferred);
   }

src/torque/declarable.h

@@ -421,8 +421,6 @@ class Generic : public Declarable {
       : Declarable(Declarable::kGeneric),
         name_(name),
         declaration_(declaration) {}
-  base::Optional<const Type*> InferTypeArgument(size_t i,
-                                                const TypeVector& arguments);
 
   std::string name_;
   std::unordered_map<TypeVector, Callable*, base::hash<TypeVector>>

src/torque/declaration-visitor.cc

@@ -561,24 +561,22 @@ void DeclarationVisitor::FinalizeClassFieldsAndMethods(
     std::string camel_field_name = CamelifyString(field.name_and_type.name);
     std::string load_macro_name =
         "Load" + class_type->name() + camel_field_name;
-    std::string load_operator_name = "." + field.name_and_type.name;
     Signature load_signature;
     load_signature.parameter_names.push_back(MakeNode<Identifier>("o"));
     load_signature.parameter_types.types.push_back(class_type);
     load_signature.parameter_types.var_args = false;
     load_signature.return_type = field.name_and_type.type;
     Statement* load_body =
-        MakeNode<ReturnStatement>(MakeNode<LoadObjectFieldExpression>(
-            parameter, field.name_and_type.name));
+        MakeNode<ReturnStatement>(MakeNode<FieldAccessExpression>(
+            parameter, MakeNode<Identifier>(field.name_and_type.name)));
     Declarations::DeclareMacro(load_macro_name, base::nullopt, load_signature,
-                               false, load_body, load_operator_name);
+                               false, load_body);
 
     // Store accessor
     IdentifierExpression* value = MakeNode<IdentifierExpression>(
         std::vector<std::string>{}, MakeNode<Identifier>(std::string{"v"}));
     std::string store_macro_name =
         "Store" + class_type->name() + camel_field_name;
-    std::string store_operator_name = "." + field.name_and_type.name + "=";
     Signature store_signature;
     store_signature.parameter_names.push_back(MakeNode<Identifier>("o"));
     store_signature.parameter_names.push_back(MakeNode<Identifier>("v"));
@@ -588,10 +586,12 @@ void DeclarationVisitor::FinalizeClassFieldsAndMethods(
     // TODO(danno): Store macros probably should return their value argument
     store_signature.return_type = TypeOracle::GetVoidType();
     Statement* store_body =
-        MakeNode<ExpressionStatement>(MakeNode<StoreObjectFieldExpression>(
-            parameter, field.name_and_type.name, value));
+        MakeNode<ExpressionStatement>(MakeNode<AssignmentExpression>(
+            MakeNode<FieldAccessExpression>(
+                parameter, MakeNode<Identifier>(field.name_and_type.name)),
+            value));
     Declarations::DeclareMacro(store_macro_name, base::nullopt, store_signature,
-                               false, store_body, store_operator_name);
+                               false, store_body);
   }
 
   DeclareMethods(class_type, class_declaration->methods);

src/torque/declarations.cc

@@ -91,9 +91,14 @@ const Type* Declarations::GetType(TypeExpression* type_expression) {
                                         alias->GetDeclarationPosition());
     }
     return alias->type();
-  } else if (auto* union_type = UnionTypeExpression::cast(type_expression)) {
+  } else if (auto* union_type =
+                 UnionTypeExpression::DynamicCast(type_expression)) {
     return TypeOracle::GetUnionType(GetType(union_type->a),
                                     GetType(union_type->b));
+  } else if (auto* reference_type =
+                 ReferenceTypeExpression::DynamicCast(type_expression)) {
+    return TypeOracle::GetReferenceType(
+        GetType(reference_type->referenced_type));
   } else {
     auto* function_type_exp = FunctionTypeExpression::cast(type_expression);
     TypeVector argument_types;

src/torque/earley-parser.h

@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ enum class ParseResultHolderBase::TypeId {
   kExpressionPtr,
   kIdentifierPtr,
   kOptionalIdentifierPtr,
-  kLocationExpressionPtr,
   kStatementPtr,
   kDeclarationPtr,
   kTypeExpressionPtr,

src/torque/implementation-visitor.h

@@ -41,6 +41,14 @@ class LocationReference {
     result.temporary_description_ = std::move(description);
     return result;
   }
+  // A heap reference, that is, a tagged value and an offset to encode an inner
+  // pointer.
+  static LocationReference HeapReference(VisitResult heap_reference) {
+    LocationReference result;
+    DCHECK(heap_reference.type()->IsReferenceType());
+    result.heap_reference_ = std::move(heap_reference);
+    return result;
+  }
   static LocationReference ArrayAccess(VisitResult base, VisitResult offset) {
     LocationReference result;
     result.eval_function_ = std::string{"[]"};
@@ -89,6 +97,18 @@ class LocationReference {
     DCHECK(IsTemporary());
     return *temporary_;
   }
+  bool IsHeapReference() const { return heap_reference_.has_value(); }
+  const VisitResult& heap_reference() const {
+    DCHECK(IsHeapReference());
+    return *heap_reference_;
+  }
+
+  const Type* ReferencedType() const {
+    if (IsHeapReference()) {
+      return ReferenceType::cast(heap_reference().type())->referenced_type();
+    }
+    return GetVisitResult().type();
+  }
 
   const VisitResult& GetVisitResult() const {
     if (IsVariableAccess()) return variable();
@@ -131,6 +151,7 @@ class LocationReference {
   base::Optional<VisitResult> variable_;
   base::Optional<VisitResult> temporary_;
   base::Optional<std::string> temporary_description_;
+  base::Optional<VisitResult> heap_reference_;
   base::Optional<std::string> eval_function_;
   base::Optional<std::string> assign_function_;
   VisitResultVector call_arguments_;
@@ -287,6 +308,7 @@ class ImplementationVisitor : public FileVisitor {
 
   LocationReference GetLocationReference(Expression* location);
   LocationReference GetLocationReference(IdentifierExpression* expr);
+  LocationReference GetLocationReference(DereferenceExpression* expr);
   LocationReference GetLocationReference(FieldAccessExpression* expr);
   LocationReference GetLocationReference(ElementAccessExpression* expr);
 
@@ -294,15 +316,7 @@ class ImplementationVisitor : public FileVisitor {
 
   VisitResult GetBuiltinCode(Builtin* builtin);
 
-  VisitResult Visit(IdentifierExpression* expr);
-  VisitResult Visit(FieldAccessExpression* expr) {
-    StackScope scope(this);
-    return scope.Yield(GenerateFetchFromLocation(GetLocationReference(expr)));
-  }
-  VisitResult Visit(ElementAccessExpression* expr) {
-    StackScope scope(this);
-    return scope.Yield(GenerateFetchFromLocation(GetLocationReference(expr)));
-  }
+  VisitResult Visit(LocationExpression* expr);
 
   void VisitAllDeclarables();
   void Visit(Declarable* delarable);
@@ -320,8 +334,6 @@ class ImplementationVisitor : public FileVisitor {
   VisitResult Visit(CallExpression* expr, bool is_tail = false);
   VisitResult Visit(CallMethodExpression* expr);
   VisitResult Visit(IntrinsicCallExpression* intrinsic);
-  VisitResult Visit(LoadObjectFieldExpression* expr);
-  VisitResult Visit(StoreObjectFieldExpression* expr);
   const Type* Visit(TailCallStatement* stmt);
 
   VisitResult Visit(ConditionalExpression* expr);
@@ -465,7 +477,10 @@ class ImplementationVisitor : public FileVisitor {
                            const Container& declaration_container,
                            const TypeVector& types,
                            const std::vector<Binding<LocalLabel>*>& labels,
-                           const TypeVector& specialization_types);
+                           const TypeVector& specialization_types,
+                           bool silence_errors = false);
+  bool TestLookupCallable(const QualifiedName& name,
+                          const TypeVector& parameter_types);
 
   template <class Container>
   Callable* LookupCallable(const QualifiedName& name,

src/torque/instructions.cc

@@ -21,6 +21,19 @@ namespace torque {
 TORQUE_INSTRUCTION_LIST(TORQUE_INSTRUCTION_BOILERPLATE_DEFINITIONS)
 #undef TORQUE_INSTRUCTION_BOILERPLATE_DEFINITIONS
 
+namespace {
+void ExpectType(const Type* expected, const Type* actual) {
+  if (expected != actual) {
+    ReportError("expected type ", *expected, " but found ", *actual);
+  }
+}
+void ExpectSubtype(const Type* subtype, const Type* supertype) {
+  if (!subtype->IsSubtypeOf(supertype)) {
+    ReportError("type ", *subtype, " is not a subtype of ", *supertype);
+  }
+}
+}  // namespace
+
 void PeekInstruction::TypeInstruction(Stack<const Type*>* stack,
                                       ControlFlowGraph* cfg) const {
   const Type* type = stack->Peek(slot);
@@ -29,9 +42,7 @@ void PeekInstruction::TypeInstruction(Stack<const Type*>* stack,
       const TopType* top_type = TopType::cast(type);
       ReportError("use of " + top_type->reason());
     }
-    if (!type->IsSubtypeOf(*widened_type)) {
-      ReportError("type ", *type, " is not a subtype of ", **widened_type);
-    }
+    ExpectSubtype(type, *widened_type);
     type = *widened_type;
   }
   stack->Push(type);
@@ -41,9 +52,7 @@ void PokeInstruction::TypeInstruction(Stack<const Type*>* stack,
                                       ControlFlowGraph* cfg) const {
   const Type* type = stack->Top();
   if (widened_type) {
-    if (!type->IsSubtypeOf(*widened_type)) {
-      ReportError("type ", type, " is not a subtype of ", *widened_type);
-    }
+    ExpectSubtype(type, *widened_type);
     type = *widened_type;
   }
   stack->Poke(slot, type);
@@ -281,39 +290,26 @@ void UnsafeCastInstruction::TypeInstruction(Stack<const Type*>* stack,
   stack->Poke(stack->AboveTop() - 1, destination_type);
 }
 
-void LoadObjectFieldInstruction::TypeInstruction(Stack<const Type*>* stack,
+void CreateFieldReferenceInstruction::TypeInstruction(
+    Stack<const Type*>* stack, ControlFlowGraph* cfg) const {
+  ExpectSubtype(stack->Pop(), class_type);
+  stack->Push(TypeOracle::GetHeapObjectType());
+  stack->Push(TypeOracle::GetIntPtrType());
+}
+
+void LoadReferenceInstruction::TypeInstruction(Stack<const Type*>* stack,
                                                ControlFlowGraph* cfg) const {
-  const ClassType* stack_class_type = ClassType::DynamicCast(stack->Top());
-  if (!stack_class_type) {
-    ReportError(
-        "first argument to a LoadObjectFieldInstruction instruction isn't a "
-        "class");
-  }
-  if (stack_class_type != class_type) {
-    ReportError(
-        "first argument to a LoadObjectFieldInstruction doesn't match "
-        "instruction's type");
-  }
-  const Field& field = class_type->LookupField(field_name);
-  stack->Poke(stack->AboveTop() - 1, field.name_and_type.type);
+  ExpectType(TypeOracle::GetIntPtrType(), stack->Pop());
+  ExpectType(TypeOracle::GetHeapObjectType(), stack->Pop());
+  DCHECK_EQ(std::vector<const Type*>{type}, LowerType(type));
+  stack->Push(type);
 }
 
-void StoreObjectFieldInstruction::TypeInstruction(Stack<const Type*>* stack,
+void StoreReferenceInstruction::TypeInstruction(Stack<const Type*>* stack,
                                                 ControlFlowGraph* cfg) const {
-  auto value = stack->Pop();
-  const ClassType* stack_class_type = ClassType::DynamicCast(stack->Top());
-  if (!stack_class_type) {
-    ReportError(
-        "first argument to a StoreObjectFieldInstruction instruction isn't a "
-        "class");
-  }
-  if (stack_class_type != class_type) {
-    ReportError(
-        "first argument to a StoreObjectFieldInstruction doesn't match "
-        "instruction's type");
-  }
-  stack->Pop();
-  stack->Push(value);
+  ExpectSubtype(stack->Pop(), type);
+  ExpectType(TypeOracle::GetIntPtrType(), stack->Pop());
+  ExpectType(TypeOracle::GetHeapObjectType(), stack->Pop());
 }
 
 bool CallRuntimeInstruction::IsBlockTerminator() const {

src/torque/instructions.h

@@ -30,8 +30,9 @@ class RuntimeFunction;
   V(DeleteRangeInstruction)           \
   V(PushUninitializedInstruction)     \
   V(PushBuiltinPointerInstruction)    \
-  V(LoadObjectFieldInstruction)       \
-  V(StoreObjectFieldInstruction)      \
+  V(CreateFieldReferenceInstruction)  \
+  V(LoadReferenceInstruction)         \
+  V(StoreReferenceInstruction)        \
   V(CallCsaMacroInstruction)          \
   V(CallIntrinsicInstruction)         \
   V(NamespaceConstantInstruction)     \
@@ -203,22 +204,25 @@ struct NamespaceConstantInstruction : InstructionBase {
   NamespaceConstant* constant;
 };
 
-struct LoadObjectFieldInstruction : InstructionBase {
+struct CreateFieldReferenceInstruction : InstructionBase {
   TORQUE_INSTRUCTION_BOILERPLATE()
-  LoadObjectFieldInstruction(const ClassType* class_type,
+  CreateFieldReferenceInstruction(const ClassType* class_type,
                                   std::string field_name)
       : class_type(class_type), field_name(std::move(field_name)) {}
   const ClassType* class_type;
   std::string field_name;
 };
 
-struct StoreObjectFieldInstruction : InstructionBase {
+struct LoadReferenceInstruction : InstructionBase {
   TORQUE_INSTRUCTION_BOILERPLATE()
-  StoreObjectFieldInstruction(const ClassType* class_type,
-                              std::string field_name)
-      : class_type(class_type), field_name(std::move(field_name)) {}
-  const ClassType* class_type;
-  std::string field_name;
+  explicit LoadReferenceInstruction(const Type* type) : type(type) {}
+  const Type* type;
+};
+
+struct StoreReferenceInstruction : InstructionBase {
+  TORQUE_INSTRUCTION_BOILERPLATE()
+  explicit StoreReferenceInstruction(const Type* type) : type(type) {}
+  const Type* type;
 };
 
 struct CallIntrinsicInstruction : InstructionBase {

src/torque/torque-parser.cc

@@ -68,10 +68,6 @@ V8_EXPORT_PRIVATE const ParseResultTypeId
     ParseResultHolder<base::Optional<Identifier*>>::id =
         ParseResultTypeId::kOptionalIdentifierPtr;
 template <>
-V8_EXPORT_PRIVATE const ParseResultTypeId
-    ParseResultHolder<LocationExpression*>::id =
-        ParseResultTypeId::kLocationExpressionPtr;
-template <>
 V8_EXPORT_PRIVATE const ParseResultTypeId ParseResultHolder<Statement*>::id =
     ParseResultTypeId::kStatementPtr;
 template <>
@@ -261,7 +257,7 @@ Expression* MakeCall(const std::string& callee,
 }
 
 base::Optional<ParseResult> MakeCall(ParseResultIterator* child_results) {
-  auto callee = child_results->NextAs<LocationExpression*>();
+  auto callee = child_results->NextAs<Expression*>();
   auto args = child_results->NextAs<std::vector<Expression*>>();
   auto otherwise = child_results->NextAs<std::vector<Statement*>>();
   IdentifierExpression* target = IdentifierExpression::cast(callee);
@@ -694,6 +690,13 @@ base::Optional<ParseResult> MakeFunctionTypeExpression(
   return ParseResult{result};
 }
 
+base::Optional<ParseResult> MakeReferenceTypeExpression(
+    ParseResultIterator* child_results) {
+  auto referenced_type = child_results->NextAs<TypeExpression*>();
+  TypeExpression* result = MakeNode<ReferenceTypeExpression>(referenced_type);
+  return ParseResult{result};
+}
+
 base::Optional<ParseResult> MakeUnionTypeExpression(
     ParseResultIterator* child_results) {
   auto a = child_results->NextAs<TypeExpression*>();
@@ -1001,7 +1004,7 @@ base::Optional<ParseResult> MakeIdentifierExpression(
   auto name = child_results->NextAs<Identifier*>();
   auto generic_arguments =
       child_results->NextAs<std::vector<TypeExpression*>>();
-  LocationExpression* result = MakeNode<IdentifierExpression>(
+  Expression* result = MakeNode<IdentifierExpression>(
       std::move(namespace_qualification), name, std::move(generic_arguments));
   return ParseResult{result};
 }
@@ -1010,7 +1013,7 @@ base::Optional<ParseResult> MakeFieldAccessExpression(
     ParseResultIterator* child_results) {
   auto object = child_results->NextAs<Expression*>();
   auto field = child_results->NextAs<Identifier*>();
-  LocationExpression* result = MakeNode<FieldAccessExpression>(object, field);
+  Expression* result = MakeNode<FieldAccessExpression>(object, field);
   return ParseResult{result};
 }
 
@@ -1018,7 +1021,14 @@ base::Optional<ParseResult> MakeElementAccessExpression(
     ParseResultIterator* child_results) {
   auto object = child_results->NextAs<Expression*>();
   auto field = child_results->NextAs<Expression*>();
-  LocationExpression* result = MakeNode<ElementAccessExpression>(object, field);
+  Expression* result = MakeNode<ElementAccessExpression>(object, field);
+  return ParseResult{result};
+}
+
+base::Optional<ParseResult> MakeDereferenceExpression(
+    ParseResultIterator* child_results) {
+  auto reference = child_results->NextAs<Expression*>();
+  Expression* result = MakeNode<DereferenceExpression>(reference);
   return ParseResult{result};
 }
 
@@ -1033,7 +1043,7 @@ base::Optional<ParseResult> MakeStructExpression(
 
 base::Optional<ParseResult> MakeAssignmentExpression(
     ParseResultIterator* child_results) {
-  auto location = child_results->NextAs<LocationExpression*>();
+  auto location = child_results->NextAs<Expression*>();
   auto op = child_results->NextAs<base::Optional<std::string>>();
   auto value = child_results->NextAs<Expression*>();
   Expression* result =
@@ -1057,7 +1067,7 @@ base::Optional<ParseResult> MakeStringLiteralExpression(
 
 base::Optional<ParseResult> MakeIncrementDecrementExpressionPostfix(
     ParseResultIterator* child_results) {
-  auto location = child_results->NextAs<LocationExpression*>();
+  auto location = child_results->NextAs<Expression*>();
   auto op = child_results->NextAs<IncrementDecrementOperator>();
   Expression* result =
       MakeNode<IncrementDecrementExpression>(location, op, true);
@@ -1067,7 +1077,7 @@ base::Optional<ParseResult> MakeIncrementDecrementExpressionPostfix(
 base::Optional<ParseResult> MakeIncrementDecrementExpressionPrefix(
     ParseResultIterator* child_results) {
   auto op = child_results->NextAs<IncrementDecrementOperator>();
-  auto location = child_results->NextAs<LocationExpression*>();
+  auto location = child_results->NextAs<Expression*>();
   Expression* result =
       MakeNode<IncrementDecrementExpression>(location, op, false);
   return ParseResult{result};
@@ -1284,7 +1294,8 @@ struct TorqueGrammar : Grammar {
            MakeBasicTypeExpression),
       Rule({Token("builtin"), Token("("), typeList, Token(")"), Token("=>"),
             &simpleType},
-           MakeFunctionTypeExpression)};
+           MakeFunctionTypeExpression),
+      Rule({Token("&"), &simpleType}, MakeReferenceTypeExpression)};
 
   // Result: TypeExpression*
   Symbol type = {Rule({&simpleType}), Rule({&type, Token("|"), &simpleType},
@@ -1397,20 +1408,13 @@ struct TorqueGrammar : Grammar {
            YieldIntegralConstant<IncrementDecrementOperator,
                                  IncrementDecrementOperator::kDecrement>)};
 
-  // Result: LocationExpression*
+  // Result: Expression*
   Symbol identifierExpression = {
       Rule({List<std::string>(Sequence({&identifier, Token("::")})), &name,
             TryOrDefault<TypeList>(&genericSpecializationTypeList)},
            MakeIdentifierExpression),
   };
 
-  // Result: LocationExpression*
-  Symbol locationExpression = {
-      Rule({&identifierExpression}),
-      Rule({&primaryExpression, Token("."), &name}, MakeFieldAccessExpression),
-      Rule({&primaryExpression, Token("["), expression, Token("]")},
-           MakeElementAccessExpression)};
-
   // Result: std::vector<Expression*>
   Symbol argumentList = {Rule(
       {Token("("), List<Expression*>(expression, Token(",")), Token(")")})};
@@ -1446,8 +1450,10 @@ struct TorqueGrammar : Grammar {
       Rule({&callExpression}),
       Rule({&callMethodExpression}),
       Rule({&intrinsicCallExpression}),
-      Rule({&locationExpression},
-           CastParseResult<LocationExpression*, Expression*>),
+      Rule({&identifierExpression}),
+      Rule({&primaryExpression, Token("."), &name}, MakeFieldAccessExpression),
+      Rule({&primaryExpression, Token("["), expression, Token("]")},
+           MakeElementAccessExpression),
       Rule({&decimalLiteral}, MakeNumberLiteralExpression),
       Rule({&stringLiteral}, MakeStringLiteralExpression),
       Rule({&simpleType, &initializerList}, MakeStructExpression),
@@ -1457,11 +1463,13 @@ struct TorqueGrammar : Grammar {
   // Result: Expression*
   Symbol unaryExpression = {
       Rule({&primaryExpression}),
-      Rule({OneOf({"+", "-", "!", "~"}), &unaryExpression}, MakeUnaryOperator),
+      Rule({OneOf({"+", "-", "!", "~", "&"}), &unaryExpression},
+           MakeUnaryOperator),
+      Rule({Token("*"), &unaryExpression}, MakeDereferenceExpression),
       Rule({Token("..."), &unaryExpression}, MakeSpreadExpression),
-      Rule({&incrementDecrementOperator, &locationExpression},
+      Rule({&incrementDecrementOperator, &unaryExpression},
            MakeIncrementDecrementExpressionPrefix),
-      Rule({&locationExpression, &incrementDecrementOperator},
+      Rule({&unaryExpression, &incrementDecrementOperator},
            MakeIncrementDecrementExpressionPostfix)};
 
   // Result: Expression*
@@ -1521,7 +1529,7 @@ struct TorqueGrammar : Grammar {
   // Result: Expression*
   Symbol assignmentExpression = {
       Rule({&conditionalExpression}),
-      Rule({&locationExpression, &assignmentOperator, &assignmentExpression},
+      Rule({&conditionalExpression, &assignmentOperator, &assignmentExpression},
            MakeAssignmentExpression)};
 
   // Result: Statement*

src/torque/type-oracle.h

@@ -58,6 +58,10 @@ class TypeOracle : public ContextualClass<TypeOracle> {
     return result;
   }
 
+  static const ReferenceType* GetReferenceType(const Type* referenced_type) {
+    return Get().reference_types_.Add(ReferenceType(referenced_type));
+  }
+
   static const std::vector<const BuiltinPointerType*>&
   AllBuiltinPointerTypes() {
     return Get().all_builtin_pointer_types_;
@@ -117,6 +121,10 @@ class TypeOracle : public ContextualClass<TypeOracle> {
     return Get().GetBuiltinType(OBJECT_TYPE_STRING);
   }
 
+  static const Type* GetHeapObjectType() {
+    return Get().GetBuiltinType(HEAP_OBJECT_TYPE_STRING);
+  }
+
   static const Type* GetJSObjectType() {
     return Get().GetBuiltinType(JSOBJECT_TYPE_STRING);
   }
@@ -207,6 +215,7 @@ class TypeOracle : public ContextualClass<TypeOracle> {
   Deduplicator<BuiltinPointerType> function_pointer_types_;
   std::vector<const BuiltinPointerType*> all_builtin_pointer_types_;
   Deduplicator<UnionType> union_types_;
+  Deduplicator<ReferenceType> reference_types_;
   std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Type>> nominal_types_;
   std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Type>> struct_types_;
   std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Type>> top_types_;

src/torque/types.cc

@@ -46,6 +46,13 @@ bool Type::IsSubtypeOf(const Type* supertype) const {
   return false;
 }
 
+base::Optional<const ClassType*> Type::ClassSupertype() const {
+  for (const Type* t = this; t != nullptr; t = t->parent()) {
+    if (auto* class_type = ClassType::DynamicCast(t)) return class_type;
+  }
+  return base::nullopt;
+}
+
 // static
 const Type* Type::CommonSupertype(const Type* a, const Type* b) {
   int diff = a->Depth() - b->Depth();
@@ -158,19 +165,6 @@ std::string UnionType::GetGeneratedTNodeTypeNameImpl() const {
   return parent()->GetGeneratedTNodeTypeName();
 }
 
-const Type* UnionType::NonConstexprVersion() const {
-  if (IsConstexpr()) {
-    auto it = types_.begin();
-    UnionType result((*it)->NonConstexprVersion());
-    ++it;
-    for (; it != types_.end(); ++it) {
-      result.Extend((*it)->NonConstexprVersion());
-    }
-    return TypeOracle::GetUnionType(std::move(result));
-  }
-  return this;
-}
-
 void UnionType::RecomputeParent() {
   const Type* parent = nullptr;
   for (const Type* t : types_) {
@@ -470,6 +464,9 @@ void AppendLoweredTypes(const Type* type, std::vector<const Type*>* result) {
     for (const Field& field : s->fields()) {
       AppendLoweredTypes(field.name_and_type.type, result);
     }
+  } else if (type->IsReferenceType()) {
+    result->push_back(TypeOracle::GetHeapObjectType());
+    result->push_back(TypeOracle::GetIntPtrType());
   } else {
     result->push_back(type);
   }

src/torque/types.h

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ static const char* const ARGUMENTS_TYPE_STRING = "Arguments";
 static const char* const CONTEXT_TYPE_STRING = "Context";
 static const char* const MAP_TYPE_STRING = "Map";
 static const char* const OBJECT_TYPE_STRING = "Object";
+static const char* const HEAP_OBJECT_TYPE_STRING = "HeapObject";
 static const char* const JSOBJECT_TYPE_STRING = "JSObject";
 static const char* const SMI_TYPE_STRING = "Smi";
 static const char* const TAGGED_TYPE_STRING = "Tagged";
@@ -65,6 +66,7 @@ class TypeBase {
     kTopType,
     kAbstractType,
     kBuiltinPointerType,
+    kReferenceType,
     kUnionType,
     kStructType,
     kClassType
@@ -75,6 +77,7 @@ class TypeBase {
   bool IsBuiltinPointerType() const {
     return kind() == Kind::kBuiltinPointerType;
   }
+  bool IsReferenceType() const { return kind() == Kind::kReferenceType; }
   bool IsUnionType() const { return kind() == Kind::kUnionType; }
   bool IsStructType() const { return kind() == Kind::kStructType; }
   bool IsClassType() const { return kind() == Kind::kClassType; }
@@ -123,9 +126,13 @@ class Type : public TypeBase {
   bool IsVoidOrNever() const { return IsVoid() || IsNever(); }
   std::string GetGeneratedTypeName() const;
   std::string GetGeneratedTNodeTypeName() const;
-  virtual bool IsConstexpr() const = 0;
+  virtual bool IsConstexpr() const {
+    if (parent()) DCHECK(!parent()->IsConstexpr());
+    return false;
+  }
   virtual bool IsTransient() const { return false; }
-  virtual const Type* NonConstexprVersion() const = 0;
+  virtual const Type* NonConstexprVersion() const { return this; }
+  base::Optional<const ClassType*> ClassSupertype() const;
   static const Type* CommonSupertype(const Type* a, const Type* b);
   void AddAlias(std::string alias) const { aliases_.insert(std::move(alias)); }
 
@@ -189,8 +196,6 @@ class TopType final : public Type {
   std::string GetGeneratedTNodeTypeNameImpl() const override {
     return source_type_->GetGeneratedTNodeTypeName();
   }
-  bool IsConstexpr() const override { return false; }
-  const Type* NonConstexprVersion() const override { return nullptr; }
   std::string ToExplicitString() const override {
     std::stringstream s;
     s << "inaccessible " + source_type_->ToString();
@@ -268,11 +273,6 @@ class BuiltinPointerType final : public Type {
   std::string GetGeneratedTNodeTypeNameImpl() const override {
     return parent()->GetGeneratedTNodeTypeName();
   }
-  bool IsConstexpr() const override {
-    DCHECK(!parent()->IsConstexpr());
-    return false;
-  }
-  const Type* NonConstexprVersion() const override { return this; }
 
   const TypeVector& parameter_types() const { return parameter_types_; }
   const Type* return_type() const { return return_type_; }
@@ -304,6 +304,43 @@ class BuiltinPointerType final : public Type {
   const size_t function_pointer_type_id_;
 };
 
+class ReferenceType final : public Type {
+ public:
+  DECLARE_TYPE_BOILERPLATE(ReferenceType)
+  std::string MangledName() const override {
+    return "RT" + referenced_type_->MangledName();
+  }
+  std::string ToExplicitString() const override {
+    std::string s = referenced_type_->ToString();
+    if (s.find(' ') != std::string::npos) {
+      s = "(" + s + ")";
+    }
+    return "&" + s;
+  }
+  std::string GetGeneratedTypeNameImpl() const override {
+    return "CodeStubAssembler::Reference";
+  }
+  std::string GetGeneratedTNodeTypeNameImpl() const override { UNREACHABLE(); }
+
+  const Type* referenced_type() const { return referenced_type_; }
+
+  friend size_t hash_value(const ReferenceType& p) {
+    return base::hash_combine(static_cast<size_t>(Kind::kReferenceType),
+                              p.referenced_type_);
+  }
+  bool operator==(const ReferenceType& other) const {
+    return referenced_type_ == other.referenced_type_;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  friend class TypeOracle;
+  explicit ReferenceType(const Type* referenced_type)
+      : Type(Kind::kReferenceType, nullptr),
+        referenced_type_(referenced_type) {}
+
+  const Type* const referenced_type_;
+};
+
 bool operator<(const Type& a, const Type& b);
 struct TypeLess {
   bool operator()(const Type* const a, const Type* const b) const {
@@ -321,12 +358,6 @@ class UnionType final : public Type {
   }
   std::string GetGeneratedTNodeTypeNameImpl() const override;
 
-  bool IsConstexpr() const override {
-    DCHECK_EQ(false, parent()->IsConstexpr());
-    return false;
-  }
-  const Type* NonConstexprVersion() const override;
-
   friend size_t hash_value(const UnionType& p) {
     size_t result = 0;
     for (const Type* t : p.types_) {
@@ -407,9 +438,7 @@ class AggregateType : public Type {
   std::string MangledName() const override { return name_; }
   std::string GetGeneratedTypeNameImpl() const override { UNREACHABLE(); }
   std::string GetGeneratedTNodeTypeNameImpl() const override { UNREACHABLE(); }
-  const Type* NonConstexprVersion() const override { return this; }
 
-  bool IsConstexpr() const override { return false; }
   virtual bool HasIndexedField() const { return false; }
 
   void SetFields(std::vector<Field> fields) { fields_ = std::move(fields); }

test/cctest/torque/test-torque.cc

@@ -472,6 +472,20 @@ TEST(TestNewFixedArrayFromSpread) {
   ft.Call();
 }
 
+TEST(TestReferences) {
+  CcTest::InitializeVM();
+  Isolate* isolate(CcTest::i_isolate());
+  i::HandleScope scope(isolate);
+  CodeAssemblerTester asm_tester(isolate);
+  TestTorqueAssembler m(asm_tester.state());
+  {
+    m.TestReferences();
+    m.Return(m.UndefinedConstant());
+  }
+  FunctionTester ft(asm_tester.GenerateCode(), 0);
+  ft.Call();
+}
+
 }  // namespace compiler
 }  // namespace internal
 }  // namespace v8

test/torque/test-torque.tq

@@ -858,4 +858,28 @@ namespace test {
     const i = TestIterator{count: 5};
     return new FixedArray{map: kFixedArrayMap, length: 5, objects: ...i};
   }
+
+  class SmiPair {
+    GetA():&Smi {
+      return & this.a;
+    }
+    a: Smi;
+    b: Smi;
+  }
+
+  macro Swap<T: type>(a:&T, b:&T) {
+    const tmp = * a;
+    * a = * b;
+    * b = tmp;
+  }
+
+  macro TestReferences() {
+    const array = new SmiPair{a: 7, b: 2};
+    const ref:&Smi = & array.a;
+    * ref = 3 + * ref;
+    -- * ref;
+    Swap(& array.b, array.GetA());
+    check(array.a == 2);
+    check(array.b == 9);
+  }
 }