Reland "Clean up promises and fix an edge case bug (patchset #4 id:60001 of https://codereview.chromium.org/1488783002/ )"

This patch relands a change to ES2015 Promises which brings us closer to
spec compliance. In this new version, a bug which would lose async callstack
data was fixed.

R=adamk
CC=rossberg,caitp
LOG=Y
BUG=v8:3641
CQ_INCLUDE_TRYBOTS=tryserver.chromium.linux:linux_chromium_rel_ng;tryserver.blink:linux_blink_rel

Review URL: https://codereview.chromium.org/1538663002

Cr-Commit-Position: refs/heads/master@{#33065}