Add an audio transcoding example.

Signed-off-by: Anton Khirnov <anton@khirnov.net>

configure

@@ -1043,6 +1043,7 @@ COMPONENT_LIST="
 
 EXAMPLE_LIST="
     output_example
+    transcode_aac_example
 "
 
 EXTERNAL_LIBRARY_LIST="
@@ -1952,6 +1953,7 @@ yadif_filter_deps="gpl"
 
 # examples
 output_example_deps="avcodec avformat avutil swscale"
+transcode_aac_example_deps="avcodec avformat avresample"
 
 # libraries
 avcodec_deps="avutil"

doc/Makefile

@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ DOCS-$(CONFIG_TEXI2HTML)                        += $(HTMLPAGES)
 DOCS = $(DOCS-yes)
 
 DOC_EXAMPLES-$(CONFIG_OUTPUT_EXAMPLE)           += output
-ALL_DOC_EXAMPLES = output
+DOC_EXAMPLES-$(CONFIG_TRANSCODE_AAC_EXAMPLE)    += transcode_aac
+ALL_DOC_EXAMPLES = output transcode_aac
 
 DOC_EXAMPLES     := $(DOC_EXAMPLES-yes:%=doc/examples/%$(EXESUF))
 ALL_DOC_EXAMPLES := $(ALL_DOC_EXAMPLES:%=doc/examples/%$(EXESUF))

doc/examples/transcode_aac.c

+/*
+ * This file is part of Libav.
+ *
+ * Libav is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * Libav is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with Libav; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @file simple audio converter
+ * Convert an input audio file to AAC in an MP4 container using Libav.
+ * @author Andreas Unterweger (dustsigns@gmail.com)
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include "libavformat/avformat.h"
+#include "libavformat/avio.h"
+
+#include "libavcodec/avcodec.h"
+
+#include "libavutil/audio_fifo.h"
+#include "libavutil/avstring.h"
+#include "libavutil/frame.h"
+#include "libavutil/opt.h"
+
+#include "libavresample/avresample.h"
+
+/** The output bit rate in kbit/s */
+#define OUTPUT_BIT_RATE 48000
+/** The number of output channels */
+#define OUTPUT_CHANNELS 2
+/** The audio sample output format */
+#define OUTPUT_SAMPLE_FORMAT AV_SAMPLE_FMT_S16
+
+/**
+ * Convert an error code into a text message.
+ * @param error Error code to be converted
+ * @return Corresponding error text (not thread-safe)
+ */
+static char *const get_error_text(const int error)
+{
+    static char error_buffer[255];
+    av_strerror(error, error_buffer, sizeof(error_buffer));
+    return error_buffer;
+}
+
+/** Open an input file and the required decoder. */
+static int open_input_file(const char *filename,
+                           AVFormatContext **input_format_context,
+                           AVCodecContext **input_codec_context)
+{
+    AVCodec *input_codec;
+    int error;
+
+    /** Open the input file to read from it. */
+    if ((error = avformat_open_input(input_format_context, filename, NULL,
+                                     NULL)) < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Could not open input file '%s' (error '%s')\n",
+                filename, get_error_text(error));
+        *input_format_context = NULL;
+        return error;
+    }
+
+    /** Get information on the input file (number of streams etc.). */
+    if ((error = avformat_find_stream_info(*input_format_context, NULL)) < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Could not open find stream info (error '%s')\n",
+                get_error_text(error));
+        avformat_close_input(input_format_context);
+        return error;
+    }
+
+    /** Make sure that there is only one stream in the input file. */
+    if ((*input_format_context)->nb_streams != 1) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Expected one audio input stream, but found %d\n",
+                (*input_format_context)->nb_streams);
+        avformat_close_input(input_format_context);
+        return AVERROR_EXIT;
+    }
+
+    /** Find a decoder for the audio stream. */
+    if (!(input_codec = avcodec_find_decoder((*input_format_context)->streams[0]->codec->codec_id))) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Could not find input codec\n");
+        avformat_close_input(input_format_context);
+        return AVERROR_EXIT;
+    }
+
+    /** Open the decoder for the audio stream to use it later. */
+    if ((error = avcodec_open2((*input_format_context)->streams[0]->codec,
+                               input_codec, NULL)) < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Could not open input codec (error '%s')\n",
+                get_error_text(error));
+        avformat_close_input(input_format_context);
+        return error;
+    }
+
+    /** Save the decoder context for easier access later. */
+    *input_codec_context = (*input_format_context)->streams[0]->codec;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Open an output file and the required encoder.
+ * Also set some basic encoder parameters.
+ * Some of these parameters are based on the input file's parameters.
+ */
+static int open_output_file(const char *filename,
+                            AVCodecContext *input_codec_context,
+                            AVFormatContext **output_format_context,
+                            AVCodecContext **output_codec_context)
+{
+    AVIOContext *output_io_context = NULL;
+    AVStream *stream               = NULL;
+    AVCodec *output_codec          = NULL;
+    int error;
+
+    /** Open the output file to write to it. */
+    if ((error = avio_open(&output_io_context, filename,
+                           AVIO_FLAG_WRITE)) < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Could not open output file '%s' (error '%s')\n",
+                filename, get_error_text(error));
+        return error;
+    }
+
+    /** Create a new format context for the output container format. */
+    if (!(*output_format_context = avformat_alloc_context())) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate output format context\n");
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+    }
+
+    /** Associate the output file (pointer) with the container format context. */
+    (*output_format_context)->pb = output_io_context;
+
+    /** Guess the desired container format based on the file extension. */
+    if (!((*output_format_context)->oformat = av_guess_format(NULL, filename,
+                                                              NULL))) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Could not find output file format\n");
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    av_strlcpy((*output_format_context)->filename, filename,
+               sizeof((*output_format_context)->filename));
+
+    /** Find the encoder to be used by its name. */
+    if (!(output_codec = avcodec_find_encoder(AV_CODEC_ID_AAC))) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Could not find an AAC encoder.\n");
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    /** Create a new audio stream in the output file container. */
+    if (!(stream = avformat_new_stream(*output_format_context, output_codec))) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Could not create new stream\n");
+        error = AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    /** Save the encoder context for easiert access later. */
+    *output_codec_context = stream->codec;
+
+    /**
+     * Set the basic encoder parameters.
+     * The input file's sample rate is used to avoid a sample rate conversion.
+     */
+    (*output_codec_context)->channels       = OUTPUT_CHANNELS;
+    (*output_codec_context)->channel_layout = av_get_default_channel_layout(OUTPUT_CHANNELS);
+    (*output_codec_context)->sample_rate    = input_codec_context->sample_rate;
+    (*output_codec_context)->sample_fmt     = AV_SAMPLE_FMT_S16;
+    (*output_codec_context)->bit_rate       = OUTPUT_BIT_RATE;
+
+    /**
+     * Some container formats (like MP4) require global headers to be present
+     * Mark the encoder so that it behaves accordingly.
+     */
+    if ((*output_format_context)->oformat->flags & AVFMT_GLOBALHEADER)
+        (*output_codec_context)->flags |= CODEC_FLAG_GLOBAL_HEADER;
+
+    /** Open the encoder for the audio stream to use it later. */
+    if ((error = avcodec_open2(*output_codec_context, output_codec, NULL)) < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Could not open output codec (error '%s')\n",
+                get_error_text(error));
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+
+cleanup:
+    avio_close((*output_format_context)->pb);
+    avformat_free_context(*output_format_context);
+    *output_format_context = NULL;
+    return error < 0 ? error : AVERROR_EXIT;
+}
+
+/** Initialize one data packet for reading or writing. */
+static void init_packet(AVPacket *packet)
+{
+    av_init_packet(packet);
+    /** Set the packet data and size so that it is recognized as being empty. */
+    packet->data = NULL;
+    packet->size = 0;
+}
+
+/** Initialize one audio frame for reading from the input file */
+static int init_input_frame(AVFrame **frame)
+{
+    if (!(*frame = av_frame_alloc())) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate input frame\n");
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Initialize the audio resampler based on the input and output codec settings.
+ * If the input and output sample formats differ, a conversion is required
+ * libavresample takes care of this, but requires initialization.
+ */
+static int init_resampler(AVCodecContext *input_codec_context,
+                          AVCodecContext *output_codec_context,
+                          AVAudioResampleContext **resample_context)
+{
+    /**
+     * Only initialize the resampler if it is necessary, i.e.,
+     * if and only if the sample formats differ.
+     */
+    if (input_codec_context->sample_fmt != output_codec_context->sample_fmt ||
+        input_codec_context->channels != output_codec_context->channels) {
+        int error;
+
+        /** Create a resampler context for the conversion. */
+        if (!(*resample_context = avresample_alloc_context())) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate resample context\n");
+            return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Set the conversion parameters.
+         * Default channel layouts based on the number of channels
+         * are assumed for simplicity (they are sometimes not detected
+         * properly by the demuxer and/or decoder).
+         */
+        av_opt_set_int(*resample_context, "in_channel_layout",
+                       av_get_default_channel_layout(input_codec_context->channels), 0);
+        av_opt_set_int(*resample_context, "out_channel_layout",
+                       av_get_default_channel_layout(output_codec_context->channels), 0);
+        av_opt_set_int(*resample_context, "in_sample_rate",
+                       input_codec_context->sample_rate, 0);
+        av_opt_set_int(*resample_context, "out_sample_rate",
+                       output_codec_context->sample_rate, 0);
+        av_opt_set_int(*resample_context, "in_sample_fmt",
+                       input_codec_context->sample_fmt, 0);
+        av_opt_set_int(*resample_context, "out_sample_fmt",
+                       output_codec_context->sample_fmt, 0);
+
+        /** Open the resampler with the specified parameters. */
+        if ((error = avresample_open(*resample_context)) < 0) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Could not open resample context\n");
+            avresample_free(resample_context);
+            return error;
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/** Initialize a FIFO buffer for the audio samples to be encoded. */
+static int init_fifo(AVAudioFifo **fifo)
+{
+    /** Create the FIFO buffer based on the specified output sample format. */
+    if (!(*fifo = av_audio_fifo_alloc(OUTPUT_SAMPLE_FORMAT, OUTPUT_CHANNELS, 1))) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate FIFO\n");
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/** Write the header of the output file container. */
+static int write_output_file_header(AVFormatContext *output_format_context)
+{
+    int error;
+    if ((error = avformat_write_header(output_format_context, NULL)) < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Could not write output file header (error '%s')\n",
+                get_error_text(error));
+        return error;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/** Decode one audio frame from the input file. */
+static int decode_audio_frame(AVFrame *frame,
+                              AVFormatContext *input_format_context,
+                              AVCodecContext *input_codec_context,
+                              int *data_present, int *finished)
+{
+    /** Packet used for temporary storage. */
+    AVPacket input_packet;
+    int error;
+    init_packet(&input_packet);
+
+    /** Read one audio frame from the input file into a temporary packet. */
+    if ((error = av_read_frame(input_format_context, &input_packet)) < 0) {
+        /** If we are the the end of the file, flush the decoder below. */
+        if (error == AVERROR_EOF)
+            *finished = 1;
+        else {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Could not read frame (error '%s')\n",
+                    get_error_text(error));
+            return error;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decode the audio frame stored in the temporary packet.
+     * The input audio stream decoder is used to do this.
+     * If we are at the end of the file, pass an empty packet to the decoder
+     * to flush it.
+     */
+    if ((error = avcodec_decode_audio4(input_codec_context, frame,
+                                       data_present, &input_packet)) < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Could not decode frame (error '%s')\n",
+                get_error_text(error));
+        av_free_packet(&input_packet);
+        return error;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If the decoder has not been flushed completely, we are not finished,
+     * so that this function has to be called again.
+     */
+    if (*finished && *data_present)
+        *finished = 0;
+    av_free_packet(&input_packet);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Initialize a temporary storage for the specified number of audio samples.
+ * The conversion requires temporary storage due to the different format.
+ * The number of audio samples to be allocated is specified in frame_size.
+ */
+static int init_converted_samples(uint8_t ***converted_input_samples,
+                                  AVCodecContext *output_codec_context,
+                                  int frame_size)
+{
+    int error;
+
+    /**
+     * Allocate as many pointers as there are audio channels.
+     * Each pointer will later point to the audio samples of the corresponding
+     * channels (although it may be NULL for interleaved formats).
+     */
+    if (!(*converted_input_samples = calloc(output_codec_context->channels,
+                                            sizeof(**converted_input_samples)))) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate converted input sample pointers\n");
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allocate memory for the samples of all channels in one consecutive
+     * block for convenience.
+     */
+    if ((error = av_samples_alloc(*converted_input_samples, NULL,
+                                  output_codec_context->channels,
+                                  frame_size,
+                                  output_codec_context->sample_fmt, 0)) < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr,
+                "Could not allocate converted input samples (error '%s')\n",
+                get_error_text(error));
+        av_freep(&(*converted_input_samples)[0]);
+        free(*converted_input_samples);
+        return error;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert the input audio samples into the output sample format.
+ * The conversion happens on a per-frame basis, the size of which is specified
+ * by frame_size.
+ */
+static int convert_samples(uint8_t **input_data,
+                           uint8_t **converted_data, const int frame_size,
+                           AVAudioResampleContext *resample_context)
+{
+    int error;
+
+    /** Convert the samples using the resampler. */
+    if ((error = avresample_convert(resample_context, converted_data, 0,
+                                    frame_size, input_data, 0, frame_size)) < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Could not convert input samples (error '%s')\n",
+                get_error_text(error));
+        return error;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Perform a sanity check so that the number of converted samples is
+     * not greater than the number of samples to be converted.
+     * If the sample rates differ, this case has to be handled differently
+     */
+    if (avresample_available(resample_context)) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Converted samples left over\n");
+        return AVERROR_EXIT;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/** Add converted input audio samples to the FIFO buffer for later processing. */
+static int add_samples_to_fifo(AVAudioFifo *fifo,
+                               uint8_t **converted_input_samples,
+                               const int frame_size)
+{
+    int error;
+
+    /**
+     * Make the FIFO as large as it needs to be to hold both,
+     * the old and the new samples.
+     */
+    if ((error = av_audio_fifo_realloc(fifo, av_audio_fifo_size(fifo) + frame_size)) < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Could not reallocate FIFO\n");
+        return error;
+    }
+
+    /** Store the new samples in the FIFO buffer. */
+    if (av_audio_fifo_write(fifo, (void **)converted_input_samples,
+                            frame_size) < frame_size) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Could not write data to FIFO\n");
+        return AVERROR_EXIT;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Read one audio frame from the input file, decodes, converts and stores
+ * it in the FIFO buffer.
+ */
+static int read_decode_convert_and_store(AVAudioFifo *fifo,
+                                         AVFormatContext *input_format_context,
+                                         AVCodecContext *input_codec_context,
+                                         AVCodecContext *output_codec_context,
+                                         AVAudioResampleContext *resampler_context,
+                                         int *finished)
+{
+    /** Temporary storage of the input samples of the frame read from the file. */
+    AVFrame *input_frame = NULL;
+    /** Temporary storage for the converted input samples. */
+    uint8_t **converted_input_samples = NULL;
+    int data_present;
+    int ret = AVERROR_EXIT;
+
+    /** Initialize temporary storage for one input frame. */
+    if (init_input_frame(&input_frame))
+        goto cleanup;
+    /** Decode one frame worth of audio samples. */
+    if (decode_audio_frame(input_frame, input_format_context,
+                           input_codec_context, &data_present, finished))
+        goto cleanup;
+    /**
+     * If we are at the end of the file and there are no more samples
+     * in the decoder which are delayed, we are actually finished.
+     * This must not be treated as an error.
+     */
+    if (*finished && !data_present) {
+        ret = 0;
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+    /** If there is decoded data, convert and store it */
+    if (data_present) {
+        /** Initialize the temporary storage for the converted input samples. */
+        if (init_converted_samples(&converted_input_samples, output_codec_context,
+                                   input_frame->nb_samples))
+            goto cleanup;
+
+        /**
+         * Convert the input samples to the desired output sample format.
+         * This requires a temporary storage provided by converted_input_samples.
+         */
+        if (convert_samples(input_frame->extended_data, converted_input_samples,
+                            input_frame->nb_samples, resampler_context))
+            goto cleanup;
+
+        /** Add the converted input samples to the FIFO buffer for later processing. */
+        if (add_samples_to_fifo(fifo, converted_input_samples,
+                                input_frame->nb_samples))
+            goto cleanup;
+        ret = 0;
+    }
+    ret = 0;
+
+cleanup:
+    if (converted_input_samples) {
+        av_freep(&converted_input_samples[0]);
+        free(converted_input_samples);
+    }
+    av_frame_free(&input_frame);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Initialize one input frame for writing to the output file.
+ * The frame will be exactly frame_size samples large.
+ */
+static int init_output_frame(AVFrame **frame,
+                             AVCodecContext *output_codec_context,
+                             int frame_size)
+{
+    int error;
+
+    /** Create a new frame to store the audio samples. */
+    if (!(*frame = av_frame_alloc())) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate output frame\n");
+        return AVERROR_EXIT;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the frame's parameters, especially its size and format.
+     * av_frame_get_buffer needs this to allocate memory for the
+     * audio samples of the frame.
+     * Default channel layouts based on the number of channels
+     * are assumed for simplicity.
+     */
+    (*frame)->nb_samples     = frame_size;
+    (*frame)->channel_layout = output_codec_context->channel_layout;
+    (*frame)->format         = output_codec_context->sample_fmt;
+    (*frame)->sample_rate    = output_codec_context->sample_rate;
+
+    /**
+     * Allocate the samples of the created frame. This call will make
+     * sure that the audio frame can hold as many samples as specified.
+     */
+    if ((error = av_frame_get_buffer(*frame, 0)) < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Could allocate output frame samples (error '%s')\n",
+                get_error_text(error));
+        av_frame_free(frame);
+        return error;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/** Encode one frame worth of audio to the output file. */
+static int encode_audio_frame(AVFrame *frame,
+                              AVFormatContext *output_format_context,
+                              AVCodecContext *output_codec_context,
+                              int *data_present)
+{
+    /** Packet used for temporary storage. */
+    AVPacket output_packet;
+    int error;
+    init_packet(&output_packet);
+
+    /**
+     * Encode the audio frame and store it in the temporary packet.
+     * The output audio stream encoder is used to do this.
+     */
+    if ((error = avcodec_encode_audio2(output_codec_context, &output_packet,
+                                       frame, data_present)) < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Could not encode frame (error '%s')\n",
+                get_error_text(error));
+        av_free_packet(&output_packet);
+        return error;
+    }
+
+    /** Write one audio frame from the temporary packet to the output file. */
+    if (*data_present) {
+        if ((error = av_write_frame(output_format_context, &output_packet)) < 0) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Could not write frame (error '%s')\n",
+                    get_error_text(error));
+            av_free_packet(&output_packet);
+            return error;
+        }
+
+        av_free_packet(&output_packet);
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Load one audio frame from the FIFO buffer, encode and write it to the
+ * output file.
+ */
+static int load_encode_and_write(AVAudioFifo *fifo,
+                                 AVFormatContext *output_format_context,
+                                 AVCodecContext *output_codec_context)
+{
+    /** Temporary storage of the output samples of the frame written to the file. */
+    AVFrame *output_frame;
+    /**
+     * Use the maximum number of possible samples per frame.
+     * If there is less than the maximum possible frame size in the FIFO
+     * buffer use this number. Otherwise, use the maximum possible frame size
+     */
+    const int frame_size = FFMIN(av_audio_fifo_size(fifo),
+                                 output_codec_context->frame_size);
+    int data_written;
+
+    /** Initialize temporary storage for one output frame. */
+    if (init_output_frame(&output_frame, output_codec_context, frame_size))
+        return AVERROR_EXIT;
+
+    /**
+     * Read as many samples from the FIFO buffer as required to fill the frame.
+     * The samples are stored in the frame temporarily.
+     */
+    if (av_audio_fifo_read(fifo, (void **)output_frame->data, frame_size) < frame_size) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Could not read data from FIFO\n");
+        av_frame_free(&output_frame);
+        return AVERROR_EXIT;
+    }
+
+    /** Encode one frame worth of audio samples. */
+    if (encode_audio_frame(output_frame, output_format_context,
+                           output_codec_context, &data_written)) {
+        av_frame_free(&output_frame);
+        return AVERROR_EXIT;
+    }
+    av_frame_free(&output_frame);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/** Write the trailer of the output file container. */
+static int write_output_file_trailer(AVFormatContext *output_format_context)
+{
+    int error;
+    if ((error = av_write_trailer(output_format_context)) < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Could not write output file trailer (error '%s')\n",
+                get_error_text(error));
+        return error;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/** Convert an audio file to an AAC file in an MP4 container. */
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+    AVFormatContext *input_format_context = NULL, *output_format_context = NULL;
+    AVCodecContext *input_codec_context = NULL, *output_codec_context = NULL;
+    AVAudioResampleContext *resample_context = NULL;
+    AVAudioFifo *fifo = NULL;
+    int ret = AVERROR_EXIT;
+
+    if (argc < 3) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <input file> <output file>\n", argv[0]);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    /** Register all codecs and formats so that they can be used. */
+    av_register_all();
+    /** Open the input file for reading. */
+    if (open_input_file(argv[1], &input_format_context,
+                        &input_codec_context))
+        goto cleanup;
+    /** Open the output file for writing. */
+    if (open_output_file(argv[2], input_codec_context,
+                         &output_format_context, &output_codec_context))
+        goto cleanup;
+    /** Initialize the resampler to be able to convert audio sample formats. */
+    if (init_resampler(input_codec_context, output_codec_context,
+                       &resample_context))
+        goto cleanup;
+    /** Initialize the FIFO buffer to store audio samples to be encoded. */
+    if (init_fifo(&fifo))
+        goto cleanup;
+    /** Write the header of the output file container. */
+    if (write_output_file_header(output_format_context))
+        goto cleanup;
+
+    /**
+     * Loop as long as we have input samples to read or output samples
+     * to write; abort as soon as we have neither.
+     */
+    while (1) {
+        /** Use the encoder's desired frame size for processing. */
+        const int output_frame_size = output_codec_context->frame_size;
+        int finished                = 0;
+
+        /**
+         * Make sure that there is one frame worth of samples in the FIFO
+         * buffer so that the encoder can do its work.
+         * Since the decoder's and the encoder's frame size may differ, we
+         * need to FIFO buffer to store as many frames worth of input samples
+         * that they make up at least one frame worth of output samples.
+         */
+        while (av_audio_fifo_size(fifo) < output_frame_size) {
+            /**
+             * Decode one frame worth of audio samples, convert it to the
+             * output sample format and put it into the FIFO buffer.
+             */
+            if (read_decode_convert_and_store(fifo, input_format_context,
+                                              input_codec_context,
+                                              output_codec_context,
+                                              resample_context, &finished))
+                goto cleanup;
+
+            /**
+             * If we are at the end of the input file, we continue
+             * encoding the remaining audio samples to the output file.
+             */
+            if (finished)
+                break;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * If we have enough samples for the encoder, we encode them.
+         * At the end of the file, we pass the remaining samples to
+         * the encoder.
+         */
+        while (av_audio_fifo_size(fifo) >= output_frame_size ||
+               (finished && av_audio_fifo_size(fifo) > 0))
+            /**
+             * Take one frame worth of audio samples from the FIFO buffer,
+             * encode it and write it to the output file.
+             */
+            if (load_encode_and_write(fifo, output_format_context,
+                                      output_codec_context))
+                goto cleanup;
+
+        /**
+         * If we are at the end of the input file and have encoded
+         * all remaining samples, we can exit this loop and finish.
+         */
+        if (finished) {
+            int data_written;
+            /** Flush the encoder as it may have delayed frames. */
+            do {
+                if (encode_audio_frame(NULL, output_format_context,
+                                       output_codec_context, &data_written))
+                    goto cleanup;
+            } while (data_written);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Write the trailer of the output file container. */
+    if (write_output_file_trailer(output_format_context))
+        goto cleanup;
+    ret = 0;
+
+cleanup:
+    if (fifo)
+        av_audio_fifo_free(fifo);
+    if (resample_context) {
+        avresample_close(resample_context);
+        avresample_free(&resample_context);
+    }
+    if (output_codec_context)
+        avcodec_close(output_codec_context);
+    if (output_format_context) {
+        avio_close(output_format_context->pb);
+        avformat_free_context(output_format_context);
+    }
+    if (input_codec_context)
+        avcodec_close(input_codec_context);
+    if (input_format_context)
+        avformat_close_input(&input_format_context);
+
+    return ret;
+}