lavc: introduce a new decoding/encoding API with decoupled input/output

Until now, the decoding API was restricted to outputting 0 or 1 frames
per input packet. It also enforces a somewhat rigid dataflow in general.

This new API seeks to relax these restrictions by decoupling input and
output. Instead of doing a single call on each decode step, which may
consume the packet and may produce output, the new API requires the user
to send input first, and then ask for output.

For now, there are no codecs supporting this API. The API can work with
codecs using the old API, and most code added here is to make them
interoperate. The reverse is not possible, although for audio it might.
Signed-off-by: Anton Khirnov <anton@khirnov.net>

doc/APIchanges

@@ -13,6 +13,11 @@ libavutil:     2015-08-28
 
 API changes, most recent first:
 
+2016-xx-xx - xxxxxxx - lavc 57.16.0 - avcodec.h
+  Add a new audio/video encoding and decoding API with decoupled input
+  and output -- avcodec_send_packet(), avcodec_receive_frame(),
+  avcodec_send_frame() and avcodec_receive_packet().
+
 2016-xx-xx - xxxxxxx - lavc 57.15.0 - avcodec.h
   Add a new bitstream filtering API working with AVPackets.
   Deprecate the old bistream filtering API.

libavcodec/avcodec.h

@@ -76,6 +76,95 @@
  * @}
  */
 
+/**
+ * @ingroup libavc
+ * @defgroup lavc_encdec send/receive encoding and decoding API overview
+ * @{
+ *
+ * The avcodec_send_packet()/avcodec_receive_frame()/avcodec_send_frame()/
+ * avcodec_receive_packet() functions provide an encode/decode API, which
+ * decouples input and output.
+ *
+ * The API is very similar for encoding/decoding and audio/video, and works as
+ * follows:
+ * - Set up and open the AVCodecContext as usual.
+ * - Send valid input:
+ *   - For decoding, call avcodec_send_packet() to give the decoder raw
+ *     compressed data in an AVPacket.
+ *   - For encoding, call avcodec_send_frame() to give the decoder an AVFrame
+ *     containing uncompressed audio or video.
+ *   In both cases, it is recommended that AVPackets and AVFrames are
+ *   refcounted, or libavcodec might have to copy the input data. (libavformat
+ *   always returns refcounted AVPackets, and av_frame_get_buffer() allocates
+ *   refcounted AVFrames.)
+ * - Receive output in a loop. Periodically call one of the avcodec_receive_*()
+ *   functions and process their output:
+ *   - For decoding, call avcodec_receive_frame(). On success, it will return
+ *     an AVFrame containing uncompressed audio or video data.
+ *   - For encoding, call avcodec_receive_packet(). On success, it will return
+ *     an AVPacket with a compressed frame.
+ *   Repeat this call until it returns AVERROR(EAGAIN) or an error. The
+ *   AVERROR(EAGAIN) return value means that new input data is required to
+ *   return new output. In this case, continue with sending input. For each
+ *   input frame/packet, the codec will typically return 1 output frame/packet,
+ *   but it can also be 0 or more than 1.
+ *
+ * At the beginning of decoding or encoding, the codec might accept multiple
+ * input frames/packets without returning a frame, until its internal buffers
+ * are filled. This situation is handled transparently if you follow the steps
+ * outlined above.
+ *
+ * End of stream situations. These require "flushing" (aka draining) the codec,
+ * as the codec might buffer multiple frames or packets internally for
+ * performance or out of necessity (consider B-frames).
+ * This is handled as follows:
+ * - Instead of valid input, send NULL to the avcodec_send_packet() (decoding)
+ *   or avcodec_send_frame() (encoding) functions. This will enter draining
+ *   mode.
+ * - Call avcodec_receive_frame() (decoding) or avcodec_receive_packet()
+ *   (encoding) in a loop until AVERROR_EOF is returned. The functions will
+ *   not return AVERROR(EAGAIN), unless you forgot to enter draining mode.
+ * - Before decoding can be resumed again, the codec has to be reset with
+ *   avcodec_flush_buffers().
+ *
+ * Using the API as outlined above is highly recommended. But it is also
+ * possible to call functions outside of this rigid schema. For example, you can
+ * call avcodec_send_packet() repeatedly without calling
+ * avcodec_receive_frame(). In this case, avcodec_send_packet() will succeed
+ * until the codec's internal buffer has been filled up (which is typically of
+ * size 1 per output frame, after initial input), and then reject input with
+ * AVERROR(EAGAIN). Once it starts rejecting input, you have no choice but to
+ * read at least some output.
+ *
+ * Not all codecs will follow a rigid and predictable dataflow; the only
+ * guarantee is that an AVERROR(EAGAIN) return value on a send/receive call on
+ * one end implies that a receive/send call on the other end will succeed. In
+ * general, no codec will permit unlimited buffering of input or output.
+ *
+ * This API replaces the following legacy functions:
+ * - avcodec_decode_video2() and avcodec_decode_audio4():
+ *   Use avcodec_send_packet() to feed input to the decoder, then use
+ *   avcodec_receive_frame() to receive decoded frames after each packet.
+ *   Unlike with the old video decoding API, multiple frames might result from
+ *   a packet. For audio, splitting the input packet into frames by partially
+ *   decoding packets becomes transparent to the API user. You never need to
+ *   feed an AVPacket to the API twice.
+ *   Additionally, sending a flush/draining packet is required only once.
+ * - avcodec_encode_video2()/avcodec_encode_audio2():
+ *   Use avcodec_send_frame() to feed input to the encoder, then use
+ *   avcodec_receive_packet() to receive encoded packets.
+ *   Providing user-allocated buffers for avcodec_receive_packet() is not
+ *   possible.
+ * - The new API does not handle subtitles yet.
+ *
+ * Mixing new and old function calls on the same AVCodecContext is not allowed,
+ * and will result in arbitrary behavior.
+ *
+ * Some codecs might require using the new API; using the old API will return
+ * an error when calling it.
+ * @}
+ */
+
 /**
  * @defgroup lavc_core Core functions/structures.
  * @ingroup libavc
@@ -1484,7 +1573,7 @@ typedef struct AVCodecContext {
      * the decoded frame is cropped before being output.
      *
      * @note Those field may not match the value of the last
-     * AVFrame outputted by avcodec_decode_video2 due frame
+     * AVFrame outputted by avcodec_receive_frame() due frame
      * reordering.
      *
      * - encoding: unused
@@ -1511,7 +1600,7 @@ typedef struct AVCodecContext {
      * May be overriden by the decoder if it knows better.
      *
      * @note This field may not match the value of the last
-     * AVFrame outputted by avcodec_decode_video2 due frame
+     * AVFrame outputted by avcodec_receive_frame() due frame
      * reordering.
      *
      * - encoding: Set by user.
@@ -2211,6 +2300,8 @@ typedef struct AVCodecContext {
      * Otherwise, the decoded frames must not be freed by the caller and are
      * only valid until the next decode call.
      *
+     * This is always automatically enabled if avcodec_receive_frame() is used.
+     *
      * - encoding: unused
      * - decoding: set by the caller before avcodec_open2().
      */
@@ -3089,6 +3180,21 @@ typedef struct AVCodec {
                    int *got_packet_ptr);
     int (*decode)(AVCodecContext *, void *outdata, int *outdata_size, AVPacket *avpkt);
     int (*close)(AVCodecContext *);
+    /**
+     * Decode/encode API with decoupled packet/frame dataflow. The API is the
+     * same as the avcodec_ prefixed APIs (avcodec_send_frame() etc.), except
+     * that:
+     * - never called if the codec is closed or the wrong type,
+     * - AVPacket parameter change side data is applied right before calling
+     *   AVCodec->send_packet,
+     * - if AV_CODEC_CAP_DELAY is not set, drain packets or frames are never sent,
+     * - only one drain packet is ever passed down (until the next flush()),
+     * - a drain AVPacket is always NULL (no need to check for avpkt->size).
+     */
+    int (*send_frame)(AVCodecContext *avctx, const AVFrame *frame);
+    int (*send_packet)(AVCodecContext *avctx, const AVPacket *avpkt);
+    int (*receive_frame)(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVFrame *frame);
+    int (*receive_packet)(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVPacket *avpkt);
     /**
      * Flush buffers.
      * Will be called when seeking
@@ -3607,7 +3713,7 @@ int avcodec_parameters_to_context(AVCodecContext *codec,
  * @warning This function is not thread safe!
  *
  * @note Always call this function before using decoding routines (such as
- * @ref avcodec_decode_video2()).
+ * @ref avcodec_receive_frame()).
  *
  * @code
  * avcodec_register_all();
@@ -4005,7 +4111,10 @@ void avcodec_align_dimensions2(AVCodecContext *s, int *width, int *height,
  * @return A negative error code is returned if an error occurred during
  *         decoding, otherwise the number of bytes consumed from the input
  *         AVPacket is returned.
+ *
+* @deprecated Use avcodec_send_packet() and avcodec_receive_frame().
  */
+attribute_deprecated
 int avcodec_decode_audio4(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVFrame *frame,
                           int *got_frame_ptr, AVPacket *avpkt);
 
@@ -4051,7 +4160,10 @@ int avcodec_decode_audio4(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVFrame *frame,
  * @param[in,out] got_picture_ptr Zero if no frame could be decompressed, otherwise, it is nonzero.
  * @return On error a negative value is returned, otherwise the number of bytes
  * used or zero if no frame could be decompressed.
+ *
+ * @deprecated Use avcodec_send_packet() and avcodec_receive_frame().
  */
+attribute_deprecated
 int avcodec_decode_video2(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVFrame *picture,
                          int *got_picture_ptr,
                          AVPacket *avpkt);
@@ -4079,6 +4191,129 @@ int avcodec_decode_subtitle2(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVSubtitle *sub,
                             int *got_sub_ptr,
                             AVPacket *avpkt);
 
+/**
+ * Supply raw packet data as input to a decoder.
+ *
+ * Internally, this call will copy relevant AVCodecContext fields, which can
+ * influence decoding per-packet, and apply them when the packet is actually
+ * decoded. (For example AVCodecContext.skip_frame, which might direct the
+ * decoder to drop the frame contained by the packet sent with this function.)
+ *
+ * @warning The input buffer, avpkt->data must be AV_INPUT_BUFFER_PADDING_SIZE
+ *          larger than the actual read bytes because some optimized bitstream
+ *          readers read 32 or 64 bits at once and could read over the end.
+ *
+ * @warning Do not mix this API with the legacy API (like avcodec_decode_video2())
+ *          on the same AVCodecContext. It will return unexpected results now
+ *          or in future libavcodec versions.
+ *
+ * @note The AVCodecContext MUST have been opened with @ref avcodec_open2()
+ *       before packets may be fed to the decoder.
+ *
+ * @param avctx codec context
+ * @param[in] avpkt The input AVPacket. Usually, this will be a single video
+ *                  frame, or several complete audio frames.
+ *                  Ownership of the packet remains with the caller, and the
+ *                  decoder will not write to the packet. The decoder may create
+ *                  a reference to the packet data (or copy it if the packet is
+ *                  not reference-counted).
+ *                  Unlike with older APIs, the packet is always fully consumed,
+ *                  and if it contains multiple frames (e.g. some audio codecs),
+ *                  will require you to call avcodec_receive_frame() multiple
+ *                  times afterwards before you can send a new packet.
+ *                  It can be NULL (or an AVPacket with data set to NULL and
+ *                  size set to 0); in this case, it is considered a flush
+ *                  packet, which signals the end of the stream. Sending the
+ *                  first flush packet will return success. Subsequent ones are
+ *                  unnecessary and will return AVERROR_EOF. If the decoder
+ *                  still has frames buffered, it will return them after sending
+ *                  a flush packet.
+ *
+ * @return 0 on success, otherwise negative error code:
+ *      AVERROR(EAGAIN):   input is not accepted right now - the packet must be
+ *                         resent after trying to read output
+ *      AVERROR_EOF:       the decoder has been flushed, and no new packets can
+ *                         be sent to it (also returned if more than 1 flush
+ *                         packet is sent)
+ *      AVERROR(EINVAL):   codec not opened, it is an encoder, or requires flush
+ *      AVERROR(ENOMEM):   failed to add packet to internal queue, or similar
+ *      other errors: legitimate decoding errors
+ */
+int avcodec_send_packet(AVCodecContext *avctx, const AVPacket *avpkt);
+
+/**
+ * Return decoded output data from a decoder.
+ *
+ * @param avctx codec context
+ * @param frame This will be set to a reference-counted video or audio
+ *              frame (depending on the decoder type) allocated by the
+ *              decoder. Note that the function will always call
+ *              av_frame_unref(frame) before doing anything else.
+ *
+ * @return
+ *      0:                 success, a frame was returned
+ *      AVERROR(EAGAIN):   output is not available right now - user must try
+ *                         to send new input
+ *      AVERROR_EOF:       the decoder has been fully flushed, and there will be
+ *                         no more output frames
+ *      AVERROR(EINVAL):   codec not opened, or it is an encoder
+ *      other negative values: legitimate decoding errors
+ */
+int avcodec_receive_frame(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVFrame *frame);
+
+/**
+ * Supply a raw video or audio frame to the encoder. Use avcodec_receive_packet()
+ * to retrieve buffered output packets.
+ *
+ * @param avctx     codec context
+ * @param[in] frame AVFrame containing the raw audio or video frame to be encoded.
+ *                  Ownership of the frame remains with the caller, and the
+ *                  encoder will not write to the frame. The encoder may create
+ *                  a reference to the frame data (or copy it if the frame is
+ *                  not reference-counted).
+ *                  It can be NULL, in which case it is considered a flush
+ *                  packet.  This signals the end of the stream. If the encoder
+ *                  still has packets buffered, it will return them after this
+ *                  call. Once flushing mode has been entered, additional flush
+ *                  packets are ignored, and sending frames will return
+ *                  AVERROR_EOF.
+ *
+ *                  For audio:
+ *                  If AV_CODEC_CAP_VARIABLE_FRAME_SIZE is set, then each frame
+ *                  can have any number of samples.
+ *                  If it is not set, frame->nb_samples must be equal to
+ *                  avctx->frame_size for all frames except the last.
+ *                  The final frame may be smaller than avctx->frame_size.
+ * @return 0 on success, otherwise negative error code:
+ *      AVERROR(EAGAIN):   input is not accepted right now - the frame must be
+ *                         resent after trying to read output packets
+ *      AVERROR_EOF:       the encoder has been flushed, and no new frames can
+ *                         be sent to it
+ *      AVERROR(EINVAL):   codec not opened, refcounted_frames not set, it is a
+ *                         decoder, or requires flush
+ *      AVERROR(ENOMEM):   failed to add packet to internal queue, or similar
+ *      other errors: legitimate decoding errors
+ */
+int avcodec_send_frame(AVCodecContext *avctx, const AVFrame *frame);
+
+/**
+ * Read encoded data from the encoder.
+ *
+ * @param avctx codec context
+ * @param avpkt This will be set to a reference-counted packet allocated by the
+ *              encoder. Note that the function will always call
+ *              av_frame_unref(frame) before doing anything else.
+ * @return 0 on success, otherwise negative error code:
+ *      AVERROR(EAGAIN):   output is not available right now - user must try
+ *                         to send input
+ *      AVERROR_EOF:       the encoder has been fully flushed, and there will be
+ *                         no more output packets
+ *      AVERROR(EINVAL):   codec not opened, or it is an encoder
+ *      other errors: legitimate decoding errors
+ */
+int avcodec_receive_packet(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVPacket *avpkt);
+
+
 /**
  * @defgroup lavc_parsing Frame parsing
  * @{

libavcodec/internal.h

@@ -140,6 +140,19 @@ typedef struct AVCodecInternal {
      * hwaccel-specific private data
      */
     void *hwaccel_priv_data;
+
+    /**
+     * checks API usage: after codec draining, flush is required to resume operation
+     */
+    int draining;
+
+    /**
+     * buffers for using new encode/decode API through legacy API
+     */
+    AVPacket *buffer_pkt;
+    int buffer_pkt_valid; // encoding: packet without data can be valid
+    AVFrame *buffer_frame;
+    int draining_done;
 } AVCodecInternal;
 
 struct AVCodecDefault {

libavcodec/utils.c

@@ -95,12 +95,12 @@ static av_cold void avcodec_init(void)
 
 int av_codec_is_encoder(const AVCodec *codec)
 {
-    return codec && (codec->encode_sub || codec->encode2);
+    return codec && (codec->encode_sub || codec->encode2 ||codec->send_frame);
 }
 
 int av_codec_is_decoder(const AVCodec *codec)
 {
-    return codec && codec->decode;
+    return codec && (codec->decode || codec->send_packet);
 }
 
 av_cold void avcodec_register(AVCodec *codec)
@@ -882,6 +882,18 @@ int attribute_align_arg avcodec_open2(AVCodecContext *avctx, const AVCodec *code
         goto free_and_end;
     }
 
+    avctx->internal->buffer_frame = av_frame_alloc();
+    if (!avctx->internal->buffer_frame) {
+        ret = AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+        goto free_and_end;
+    }
+
+    avctx->internal->buffer_pkt = av_packet_alloc();
+    if (!avctx->internal->buffer_pkt) {
+        ret = AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+        goto free_and_end;
+    }
+
     if (codec->priv_data_size > 0) {
         if (!avctx->priv_data) {
             avctx->priv_data = av_mallocz(codec->priv_data_size);
@@ -1220,6 +1232,11 @@ int attribute_align_arg avcodec_encode_audio2(AVCodecContext *avctx,
 
     *got_packet_ptr = 0;
 
+    if (!avctx->codec->encode2) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "This encoder requires using the avcodec_send_frame() API.\n");
+        return AVERROR(ENOSYS);
+    }
+
     if (!(avctx->codec->capabilities & AV_CODEC_CAP_DELAY) && !frame) {
         av_packet_unref(avpkt);
         av_init_packet(avpkt);
@@ -1327,6 +1344,11 @@ int attribute_align_arg avcodec_encode_video2(AVCodecContext *avctx,
 
     *got_packet_ptr = 0;
 
+    if (!avctx->codec->encode2) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "This encoder requires using the avcodec_send_frame() API.\n");
+        return AVERROR(ENOSYS);
+    }
+
     if (!(avctx->codec->capabilities & AV_CODEC_CAP_DELAY) && !frame) {
         av_packet_unref(avpkt);
         av_init_packet(avpkt);
@@ -1498,6 +1520,11 @@ int attribute_align_arg avcodec_decode_video2(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVFrame *pi
     if ((avctx->coded_width || avctx->coded_height) && av_image_check_size(avctx->coded_width, avctx->coded_height, 0, avctx))
         return -1;
 
+    if (!avctx->codec->decode) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "This decoder requires using the avcodec_send_packet() API.\n");
+        return AVERROR(ENOSYS);
+    }
+
     avctx->internal->pkt = avpkt;
     ret = apply_param_change(avctx, avpkt);
     if (ret < 0)
@@ -1557,6 +1584,11 @@ int attribute_align_arg avcodec_decode_audio4(AVCodecContext *avctx,
 
     *got_frame_ptr = 0;
 
+    if (!avctx->codec->decode) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "This decoder requires using the avcodec_send_packet() API.\n");
+        return AVERROR(ENOSYS);
+    }
+
     avctx->internal->pkt = avpkt;
 
     if (!avpkt->data && avpkt->size) {
@@ -1624,6 +1656,243 @@ void avsubtitle_free(AVSubtitle *sub)
     memset(sub, 0, sizeof(AVSubtitle));
 }
 
+static int do_decode(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVPacket *pkt)
+{
+    int got_frame;
+    int ret;
+
+    av_assert0(!avctx->internal->buffer_frame->buf[0]);
+
+    if (!pkt)
+        pkt = avctx->internal->buffer_pkt;
+
+    // This is the lesser evil. The field is for compatibility with legacy users
+    // of the legacy API, and users using the new API should not be forced to
+    // even know about this field.
+    avctx->refcounted_frames = 1;
+
+    // Some codecs (at least wma lossless) will crash when feeding drain packets
+    // after EOF was signaled.
+    if (avctx->internal->draining_done)
+        return AVERROR_EOF;
+
+    if (avctx->codec_type == AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO) {
+        ret = avcodec_decode_video2(avctx, avctx->internal->buffer_frame,
+                                    &got_frame, pkt);
+        if (ret >= 0)
+            ret = pkt->size;
+    } else if (avctx->codec_type == AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO) {
+        ret = avcodec_decode_audio4(avctx, avctx->internal->buffer_frame,
+                                    &got_frame, pkt);
+    } else {
+        ret = AVERROR(EINVAL);
+    }
+
+    if (ret < 0)
+        return ret;
+
+    if (avctx->internal->draining && !got_frame)
+        avctx->internal->draining_done = 1;
+
+    if (ret >= pkt->size) {
+        av_packet_unref(avctx->internal->buffer_pkt);
+    } else {
+        int consumed = ret;
+
+        if (pkt != avctx->internal->buffer_pkt) {
+            av_packet_unref(avctx->internal->buffer_pkt);
+            if ((ret = av_packet_ref(avctx->internal->buffer_pkt, pkt)) < 0)
+                return ret;
+        }
+
+        avctx->internal->buffer_pkt->data += consumed;
+        avctx->internal->buffer_pkt->size -= consumed;
+        avctx->internal->buffer_pkt->pts   = AV_NOPTS_VALUE;
+        avctx->internal->buffer_pkt->dts   = AV_NOPTS_VALUE;
+    }
+
+    if (got_frame)
+        av_assert0(avctx->internal->buffer_frame->buf[0]);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int attribute_align_arg avcodec_send_packet(AVCodecContext *avctx, const AVPacket *avpkt)
+{
+    int ret;
+
+    if (!avcodec_is_open(avctx) || !av_codec_is_decoder(avctx->codec))
+        return AVERROR(EINVAL);
+
+    if (avctx->internal->draining)
+        return AVERROR_EOF;
+
+    if (!avpkt || !avpkt->size) {
+        avctx->internal->draining = 1;
+        avpkt = NULL;
+
+        if (!(avctx->codec->capabilities & AV_CODEC_CAP_DELAY))
+            return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (avctx->codec->send_packet) {
+        if (avpkt) {
+            ret = apply_param_change(avctx, (AVPacket *)avpkt);
+            if (ret < 0)
+                return ret;
+        }
+        return avctx->codec->send_packet(avctx, avpkt);
+    }
+
+    // Emulation via old API. Assume avpkt is likely not refcounted, while
+    // decoder output is always refcounted, and avoid copying.
+
+    if (avctx->internal->buffer_pkt->size || avctx->internal->buffer_frame->buf[0])
+        return AVERROR(EAGAIN);
+
+    // The goal is decoding the first frame of the packet without using memcpy,
+    // because the common case is having only 1 frame per packet (especially
+    // with video, but audio too). In other cases, it can't be avoided, unless
+    // the user is feeding refcounted packets.
+    return do_decode(avctx, (AVPacket *)avpkt);
+}
+
+int attribute_align_arg avcodec_receive_frame(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVFrame *frame)
+{
+    int ret;
+
+    av_frame_unref(frame);
+
+    if (!avcodec_is_open(avctx) || !av_codec_is_decoder(avctx->codec))
+        return AVERROR(EINVAL);
+
+    if (avctx->codec->receive_frame) {
+        if (avctx->internal->draining && !(avctx->codec->capabilities & AV_CODEC_CAP_DELAY))
+            return AVERROR_EOF;
+        return avctx->codec->receive_frame(avctx, frame);
+    }
+
+    // Emulation via old API.
+
+    if (!avctx->internal->buffer_frame->buf[0]) {
+        if (!avctx->internal->buffer_pkt->size && !avctx->internal->draining)
+            return AVERROR(EAGAIN);
+
+        while (1) {
+            if ((ret = do_decode(avctx, avctx->internal->buffer_pkt)) < 0) {
+                av_packet_unref(avctx->internal->buffer_pkt);
+                return ret;
+            }
+            // Some audio decoders may consume partial data without returning
+            // a frame (fate-wmapro-2ch). There is no way to make the caller
+            // call avcodec_receive_frame() again without returning a frame,
+            // so try to decode more in these cases.
+            if (avctx->internal->buffer_frame->buf[0] ||
+                !avctx->internal->buffer_pkt->size)
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!avctx->internal->buffer_frame->buf[0])
+        return avctx->internal->draining ? AVERROR_EOF : AVERROR(EAGAIN);
+
+    av_frame_move_ref(frame, avctx->internal->buffer_frame);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int do_encode(AVCodecContext *avctx, const AVFrame *frame, int *got_packet)
+{
+    int ret;
+    *got_packet = 0;
+
+    av_packet_unref(avctx->internal->buffer_pkt);
+    avctx->internal->buffer_pkt_valid = 0;
+
+    if (avctx->codec_type == AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO) {
+        ret = avcodec_encode_video2(avctx, avctx->internal->buffer_pkt,
+                                    frame, got_packet);
+    } else if (avctx->codec_type == AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO) {
+        ret = avcodec_encode_audio2(avctx, avctx->internal->buffer_pkt,
+                                    frame, got_packet);
+    } else {
+        ret = AVERROR(EINVAL);
+    }
+
+    if (ret >= 0 && *got_packet) {
+        // Encoders must always return ref-counted buffers.
+        // Side-data only packets have no data and can be not ref-counted.
+        av_assert0(!avctx->internal->buffer_pkt->data || avctx->internal->buffer_pkt->buf);
+        avctx->internal->buffer_pkt_valid = 1;
+        ret = 0;
+    } else {
+        av_packet_unref(avctx->internal->buffer_pkt);
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+int attribute_align_arg avcodec_send_frame(AVCodecContext *avctx, const AVFrame *frame)
+{
+    if (!avcodec_is_open(avctx) || !av_codec_is_encoder(avctx->codec))
+        return AVERROR(EINVAL);
+
+    if (avctx->internal->draining)
+        return AVERROR_EOF;
+
+    if (!frame) {
+        avctx->internal->draining = 1;
+
+        if (!(avctx->codec->capabilities & AV_CODEC_CAP_DELAY))
+            return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (avctx->codec->send_frame)
+        return avctx->codec->send_frame(avctx, frame);
+
+    // Emulation via old API. Do it here instead of avcodec_receive_packet, because:
+    // 1. if the AVFrame is not refcounted, the copying will be much more
+    //    expensive than copying the packet data
+    // 2. assume few users use non-refcounted AVPackets, so usually no copy is
+    //    needed
+
+    if (avctx->internal->buffer_pkt_valid)
+        return AVERROR(EAGAIN);
+
+    return do_encode(avctx, frame, &(int){0});
+}
+
+int attribute_align_arg avcodec_receive_packet(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVPacket *avpkt)
+{
+    av_packet_unref(avpkt);
+
+    if (!avcodec_is_open(avctx) || !av_codec_is_encoder(avctx->codec))
+        return AVERROR(EINVAL);
+
+    if (avctx->codec->receive_packet) {
+        if (avctx->internal->draining && !(avctx->codec->capabilities & AV_CODEC_CAP_DELAY))
+            return AVERROR_EOF;
+        return avctx->codec->receive_packet(avctx, avpkt);
+    }
+
+    // Emulation via old API.
+
+    if (!avctx->internal->buffer_pkt_valid) {
+        int got_packet;
+        int ret;
+        if (!avctx->internal->draining)
+            return AVERROR(EAGAIN);
+        ret = do_encode(avctx, NULL, &got_packet);
+        if (ret < 0)
+            return ret;
+        if (ret >= 0 && !got_packet)
+            return AVERROR_EOF;
+    }
+
+    av_packet_move_ref(avpkt, avctx->internal->buffer_pkt);
+    avctx->internal->buffer_pkt_valid = 0;
+    return 0;
+}
+
 av_cold int avcodec_close(AVCodecContext *avctx)
 {
     int i;
@@ -1636,6 +1905,8 @@ av_cold int avcodec_close(AVCodecContext *avctx)
         if (avctx->codec && avctx->codec->close)
             avctx->codec->close(avctx);
         av_frame_free(&avctx->internal->to_free);
+        av_frame_free(&avctx->internal->buffer_frame);
+        av_packet_free(&avctx->internal->buffer_pkt);
         for (i = 0; i < FF_ARRAY_ELEMS(pool->pools); i++)
             av_buffer_pool_uninit(&pool->pools[i]);
         av_freep(&avctx->internal->pool);
@@ -1966,6 +2237,12 @@ const char *avcodec_license(void)
 
 void avcodec_flush_buffers(AVCodecContext *avctx)
 {
+    avctx->internal->draining      = 0;
+    avctx->internal->draining_done = 0;
+    av_frame_unref(avctx->internal->buffer_frame);
+    av_packet_unref(avctx->internal->buffer_pkt);
+    avctx->internal->buffer_pkt_valid = 0;
+
     if (HAVE_THREADS && avctx->active_thread_type & FF_THREAD_FRAME)
         ff_thread_flush(avctx);
     else if (avctx->codec->flush)

libavcodec/version.h

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 #include "libavutil/version.h"
 
 #define LIBAVCODEC_VERSION_MAJOR 57
-#define LIBAVCODEC_VERSION_MINOR 15
+#define LIBAVCODEC_VERSION_MINOR 16
 #define LIBAVCODEC_VERSION_MICRO  0
 
 #define LIBAVCODEC_VERSION_INT  AV_VERSION_INT(LIBAVCODEC_VERSION_MAJOR, \

libavformat/avformat.h

@@ -149,8 +149,8 @@
  * av_read_frame() on it. Each call, if successful, will return an AVPacket
  * containing encoded data for one AVStream, identified by
  * AVPacket.stream_index. This packet may be passed straight into the libavcodec
- * decoding functions avcodec_decode_video2(), avcodec_decode_audio4() or
- * avcodec_decode_subtitle2() if the caller wishes to decode the data.
+ * decoding functions avcodec_send_packet() or avcodec_decode_subtitle2() if the
+ * caller wishes to decode the data.
  *
  * AVPacket.pts, AVPacket.dts and AVPacket.duration timing information will be
  * set if known. They may also be unset (i.e. AV_NOPTS_VALUE for